Dziś na lekcji gramatyka wydaje mi się łatwiejsza, kiedy nauczycielka powoli tłumaczy wymowę nowych słów.

Yes. Polish word order is quite flexible, and Dziś na lekcji is just a natural way to set the scene first: today, in class.

This order emphasizes the time and place before the main idea. You could also hear:

• Na lekcji dziś gramatyka wydaje mi się łatwiejsza...
• Gramatyka wydaje mi się dziś łatwiejsza na lekcji...

But the original sounds smooth and natural. In Polish, changing the order often changes the emphasis rather than the basic meaning.

Gramatyka is in the nominative singular because it is the subject of the sentence.

Polish does not use articles like a or the, so gramatyka can mean:

• grammar
• the grammar
• grammar as a subject/topic

In this sentence, it means grammar in a general sense, probably the school subject or the topic being studied.

Wydaje mi się means it seems to me or I find that...

So:

• Gramatyka wydaje mi się łatwiejsza = Grammar seems easier to me

This expression is very common in Polish for giving personal impressions or opinions.

A useful pattern is:

• To wydaje mi się trudne = That seems difficult to me
• On wydaje mi się miły = He seems nice to me

They do different jobs.

• mi = to me
• się is part of the verb expression wydawać się, meaning to seem

So you should think of wydawać się as a set phrase:

• wydawać się = to seem
• wydaje mi się = it seems to me

You usually cannot just remove się here, because wydawać without się means something different, such as to issue, to give out, or to publish, depending on context.

Because łatwiejsza agrees with gramatyka, which is a feminine singular noun.

The adjective must match the noun in gender, number, and case:

• łatwiejszy = masculine singular
• łatwiejsza = feminine singular
• łatwiejsze = neuter singular or non-masculine personal plural

Since gramatyka is feminine, the correct form is łatwiejsza.

It is the comparative form of łatwa (easy, feminine form).

Base adjective:

• łatwy = easy

Comparative:

• łatwiejszy = easier
• feminine: łatwiejsza
• neuter: łatwiejsze

So:

• gramatyka jest łatwa = grammar is easy
• gramatyka jest łatwiejsza = grammar is easier

Polish comparatives often use endings like -szy, -ejszy, or other stem changes, so it is worth learning them case by case.

Because Polish often omits the verb to be in the present tense when it is not necessary.

In English, you say:

• Grammar is easier

In Polish, you normally just say:

• Gramatyka łatwiejsza in some contexts, or more naturally here:
• Gramatyka wydaje mi się łatwiejsza

The idea of is/seems is already expressed by wydaje się, so no extra is is needed.

Yes, kiedy and gdy can both mean when in many sentences like this.

So you could also say:

• ..., gdy nauczycielka powoli tłumaczy...

In this sentence, kiedy sounds completely natural and common in everyday Polish.
Very roughly:

• kiedy is often more common in speech
• gdy can sound a little more literary or compact, though it is still very normal

Because nauczycielka means female teacher, while nauczyciel means male teacher.

Polish usually marks gender in profession nouns much more clearly than English does. Since the sentence uses nauczycielka, we know the teacher is a woman.

Powoli means slowly. It describes how the teacher explains.

It comes from the adjective powolny (slow) and functions as an adverb.

So:

• powolny = slow
• powoli = slowly

In the sentence:

• nauczycielka powoli tłumaczy = the teacher explains slowly

Because wymowę is in the accusative case, as the direct object of tłumaczy.

The verb tłumaczyć here means to explain, and what is being explained is the pronunciation.

Base form:

• wymowa = pronunciation

Accusative singular:

• wymowę

This is a very common feminine noun pattern:

• nominative: -a
• accusative: -ę

For example:

• mam książkę from książka
• widzę kobietę from kobieta

Because after wymowa (pronunciation), Polish uses the genitive to express pronunciation of new words.

So:

• wymowa nowych słów = the pronunciation of new words

Here:

• słów is the genitive plural of słowa (words)
• nowych is the genitive plural form of nowe/nowy (new), matching słów

This is a very common structure in Polish:

• kolor samochodu = the color of the car
• nazwa miasta = the name of the city
• wymowa nowych słów = the pronunciation of new words

Yes, tłumaczyć can mean both to explain and to translate, depending on context.

Here it means to explain, because the object is wymowę nowych słów (the pronunciation of new words). A teacher explains pronunciation; she is not really translating pronunciation.

So context tells you which meaning is intended.

Because kiedy nauczycielka powoli tłumaczy... is a subordinate clause, and in Polish subordinate clauses are normally separated by a comma.

So the comma is required here.

This is different from English, where punctuation can sometimes be more flexible. In Polish, commas before words like kiedy, że, bo, jeśli, and który are very often mandatory when they introduce a clause.

In this sentence, mi is the normal unstressed form.

Polish has short and stressed forms of some pronouns:

• mi / mnie = to me
• ci / tobie = to you

With wydaje mi się, the short form mi is the usual choice.

You might use mnie for emphasis:

• Gramatyka wydaje mnie się łatwiejsza is not correct word order.
• Correct emphatic wording would be something like Mnie gramatyka wydaje się łatwiejsza or more naturally Gramatyka wydaje się łatwiejsza mnie niż jemu, though that sounds context-heavy.

In normal neutral speech, wydaje mi się is best.

Yes. Dziś and dzisiaj both mean today.

• dziś is a bit shorter and often feels slightly more concise
• dzisiaj is also very common and natural

So you could say:

• Dzisiaj na lekcji gramatyka wydaje mi się łatwiejsza...

Both are correct.