Latem noszę sandały i kapelusz, a moja siostra woli lekką spódnicę.

Latem means in summer.

In Polish, seasons are often expressed with special forms used adverbially:

• latem = in summer
• zimą = in winter
• wiosną = in spring
• jesienią = in autumn

So Latem noszę sandały... is a very natural way to say In summer I wear sandals...

w lato is not standard here. You may sometimes see w lecie, but latem is the most common and natural choice in everyday Polish.

Because Polish verb endings usually show who the subject is.

• noszę = I wear / I carry
• the ending -ę already tells you it is I

So Ja noszę sandały is possible, but the ja is usually omitted unless you want extra emphasis, for example:

• Ja noszę sandały, a on buty. = I wear sandals, and he wears shoes.

In the original sentence, noszę alone is enough.

Here, noszę means I wear.

The verb nosić can mean both:

• to wear clothing
• to carry something habitually or repeatedly

In this sentence, because the objects are clothes — sandały and kapelusz — the meaning is clearly wear.

A useful distinction:

• nosić = to wear regularly / in general
• założyć / zakładać = to put on

So:

• Latem noszę sandały. = In summer I wear sandals.
• Zakładam sandały. = I am putting on sandals.

In this sentence, a shows a contrast or comparison between two people.

• Latem noszę sandały i kapelusz, a moja siostra woli lekką spódnicę.

That a is like:

• and, while, whereas
• or sometimes a mild but

It is more natural than i here because the sentence compares my choice with my sister's preference.

Very roughly:

• i = simple and
• a = and/while, with contrast
• ale = stronger but

So a is the best fit here.

They are the direct objects of noszę, so they are in the accusative case. But in these particular nouns, the accusative looks the same as the nominative.

• sandały is a plural non-masculine-personal noun
• kapelusz is a masculine inanimate noun

For these types, the accusative often has the same form as the dictionary form:

• sandały → sandały
• kapelusz → kapelusz

So the case is changing grammatically, but you do not see a different ending here.

Because woleć takes a direct object, and the direct object goes into the accusative case.

The basic form is:

• lekka spódnica = a light skirt / light skirt
  nominative

But after woleć:

• woleć lekką spódnicę = to prefer a light skirt
  accusative

For a feminine singular noun, both the adjective and noun usually change:

• lekka → lekką
• spódnica → spódnicę

So:

• moja siostra woli lekką spódnicę
  is grammatically correct because lekką spódnicę is the object of woli.

Normally, yes. Woleć takes the thing preferred as a direct object, so that noun phrase is usually in the accusative.

Examples:

• Wolę kawę. = I prefer coffee.
• Wolę ten kapelusz. = I prefer that hat.
• Moja siostra woli lekką spódnicę. = My sister prefers a light skirt.

So if you learn woleć + accusative, that will serve you well.

Yes, Polish could say just siostra in some contexts, but moja siostra is clearer and more natural if you want to identify whose sister you mean.

• moja siostra = my sister

In Polish, possessives are often omitted when the meaning is obvious, but they are also used very naturally when introducing or contrasting someone.

Here, moja siostra helps set up the comparison:

• I wear X, and my sister prefers Y

So including moja sounds perfectly normal.

Because Polish does not have articles like English a, an, and the.

So Polish simply says:

• noszę sandały i kapelusz
• woli lekką spódnicę

Whether the meaning is a hat, the hat, sandals, or the sandals depends on context.

That is normal in Polish. Learners often want to insert an article, but Polish does not need one.

Yes. Polish word order is more flexible than English because the endings show grammatical relationships.

The original sentence is very natural:

• Latem noszę sandały i kapelusz, a moja siostra woli lekką spódnicę.

It starts with Latem to set the scene: In summer...

You could also hear variations like:

• Noszę latem sandały i kapelusz...
• Moja siostra woli lekką spódnicę, a ja latem noszę sandały i kapelusz.

But the emphasis changes depending on what comes first. So the original version is a good, neutral pattern to learn.

It expresses a general habit or usual preference, not necessarily what is happening at this exact moment.

• noszę here means I wear / I tend to wear
• woli means she prefers

So the sentence means something like:

• In summer, I usually wear sandals and a hat, and my sister prefers a light skirt.

This is very common in Polish: the present tense is used for regular behavior and general preferences.

A simple learner-friendly guide:

• sz sounds like English sh
• final ę is often pronounced close to e in normal speech, sometimes with a slight nasal quality

So:

• noszę sounds roughly like NO-sheh
• spódnicę sounds roughly like SPOOD-nee-tseh

A bit more detail:

• ó is pronounced like u
• c before ę in spódnicę sounds like ts
• the final ę is often less strongly nasal than learners expect

So do not worry about making it heavily nasal every time. A clear, natural pronunciation is better than overdoing it.