Dziesiątego sierpnia kończy się nasz urlop i wracamy do domu.

Because Polish dates are normally expressed with the ordinal number in the genitive + the month in the genitive.

So:

• dziesiąty = tenth (basic dictionary form)
• dziesiątego = of the tenth
• sierpień = August
• sierpnia = of August

In full, the phrase is understood as something like dziesiątego dnia sierpnia = on the tenth day of August, but dnia is usually omitted.

So Dziesiątego sierpnia is the normal Polish way to say on the tenth of August.

This is just the standard Polish date pattern.

When giving a date, Polish usually uses:

• ordinal number in the genitive
• month name in the genitive

Examples:

• pierwszego maja = on the first of May
• trzeciego lutego = on the third of February
• dwudziestego sierpnia = on the twentieth of August

So dziesiątego sierpnia is not random case choice; it is the normal grammatical structure for dates.

Yes. In normal usage, it is complete enough.

Polish often drops the implied noun dnia (day). So:

• full version: dziesiątego dnia sierpnia
• usual version: dziesiątego sierpnia

Both mean the same thing, but the shorter version is much more natural in everyday language.

Kończyć się means to end, to come to an end, or to finish.

So:

• kończy się urlop = the holiday is ending / the holiday ends

The verb is built from kończyć (to end / to finish) plus się. In this sentence, it describes something coming to an end by itself, rather than someone actively ending it.

Because in Polish, many verbs use się to create an intransitive or reflexive-like meaning.

Compare:

• kończyć coś = to finish something
• kończyć się = to end

So:

• Kończę książkę. = I am finishing the book.
• Książka się kończy. = The book is ending / coming to an end.

In your sentence, nasz urlop is not something that is actively finishing another object; it itself is coming to an end. That is why się is used.

Both are possible.

• Kończy się nasz urlop
• Nasz urlop kończy się

Both mean essentially the same thing.

Polish word order is more flexible than English. The version in your sentence puts slightly more focus on the event ending, while nasz urlop kończy się sounds a bit more neutral or straightforward.

So this is mainly about style, emphasis, and rhythm, not a big change in meaning.

Because nasz urlop is the subject of the clause, so it is in the nominative case.

In:

• kończy się nasz urlop

the thing that ends is our holiday, so urlop is the grammatical subject.

That is why you have:

• nasz urlop = nominative

not:

• naszego urlopu = genitive

Only the date expression Dziesiątego sierpnia is in the genitive here.

Because Polish, like English, often uses the present tense for scheduled or planned future events.

So wracamy do domu literally looks like we return home / we are returning home, but in context it means:

• we’re going back home
• we go back home
• we’re returning home

and since the date is given, it is naturally understood as a future plan.

This is very common in Polish:

• Jutro wyjeżdżamy. = We’re leaving tomorrow.
• W piątek wracamy. = We’re coming back on Friday.

Yes, absolutely.

• wracamy do domu = present form used for a planned future event
• wrócimy do domu = future form, more explicitly future

Both can work.

The version with wracamy often sounds more like a concrete arrangement or plan, while wrócimy can sound a little more like a plain future fact. In many contexts, the difference is small.

Because the verb wracać often combines with do when you say where someone is returning to.

• wracać do domu = to return home
• wracać do Polski = to return to Poland
• wracać do pracy = to return to work

After do, Polish uses the genitive case, so:

• dom → domu

That is why you get do domu.

Not always.

Urlop usually means leave from work or vacation time, especially time off that you are entitled to. In this sentence, it refers to our vacation / our holiday period.

Depending on context:

• urlop = vacation, leave, time off
• wakacje = holidays/vacation, especially school holidays or a summer break

So nasz urlop here is very natural if the idea is our vacation time or our leave.

Wracamy is:

• 1st person plural
• imperfective
• present tense form of wracać

So it means we return / we are returning / we’re coming back.

The ending -my is a very common clue for we forms in Polish verbs.

It can correspond to either in English.

Polish does not make the same obligatory distinction between ends and is ending that English often does. So:

• kończy się can mean ends
• or is ending
• or is coming to an end

In this sentence, because a specific date is given, English will often prefer ends:

• On the tenth of August, our holiday ends and we go back home.

But the Polish form itself can cover both kinds of English phrasing depending on context.