Ta piłka jest nowa.

Polish demonstratives agree with the noun’s gender and number:

• ten = this (masculine singular)
• ta = this (feminine singular)
• to = this (neuter singular)

Since piłka is a feminine noun, you must say ta piłka, not ten piłka or to piłka.

Piłka means ball (a generic ball; often a sports ball, like a football or volleyball).
It is:

• Gender: feminine
• Singular: piłka
• Plural: piłki

So you treat it like other feminine nouns ending in -a.

Piłka is pronounced approximately like PEEW-ka:

• pi – like pee, but shorter
• ł – like English w
• ka – like kah

IPA: [ˈpʲiw.ka]
The stress is on the first syllable: PIŁ-ka.

Nowy / nowa / nowe all mean new, but they change with gender:

• nowy – masculine singular
• nowa – feminine singular
• nowe – neuter singular or some plural uses

Because piłka is feminine, the adjective must agree and be nowa:
ta (fem.) + piłka (fem.) + nowa (fem.).

No. Polish does not use articles like a/an or the.

• Ta piłka jest nowa can be translated depending on context as:
  • This ball is new.
  • (In some contexts) That ball is new.

Definiteness is usually shown with demonstratives like ta / ten / to, context, or word order, not with a separate article.

You need jest (the 3rd person singular of być – to be) to make a proper sentence like English is:

• Ta piłka jest nowa. = This ball is new.

Saying Ta piłka nowa is not standard; it sounds incomplete or like a fragment.
Polish normally uses jest in such X is Y statements.

Both piłka and nowa are in the nominative singular feminine:

• piłka – nominative subject (the ball)
• nowa – nominative predicate adjective (new) agreeing with piłka

In [noun] jest [adjective], both parts are nominative.

The neutral, most common order is:

• Ta piłka jest nowa.

Other orders are possible, but they change emphasis:

• Nowa jest ta piłka. – New is this ball (emphasis on new, sounds a bit stylized or contrastive)
• Piłka jest nowa. – The ball is new (no this, just the ball)

For everyday speech when you just state a fact, stick to Ta piłka jest nowa.

You need plural forms for this, ball, the verb, and the adjective:

• Te piłki są nowe.

Breakdown:

• te – these (feminine plural)
• piłki – balls (feminine plural of piłka)
• są – are (3rd person plural of być)
• nowe – new (non-masculine-personal plural form of nowy)

Both can be translated as This is a new ball, but they focus on slightly different things:

• Ta piłka jest nowa. – literally This ball is new.

  • You already know which ball you’re talking about; you’re saying something about its state (that it’s new).

• To jest nowa piłka. – literally This is a new ball.

  • You’re identifying what this thing is and adding that it’s new; more like introducing or pointing something out.