Magistra novam pennam discipulae dat, quia stilus eius fractus est.

Because pennam is the direct object of dat: it is the thing being given. A direct object goes in the accusative case, so penna becomes pennam.

The adjective must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case, so nova also changes to novam.

• penna = nominative singular
• pennam = accusative singular
• nova = nominative singular feminine
• novam = accusative singular feminine

Discipulae is in the dative singular, the case often used for the indirect object. In English, this is the person to whom something is given.

So in this sentence:

• magistra = the teacher
• novam pennam = a new pen
• discipulae = to the student
• dat = gives

A very literal layout would be: The teacher gives a new pen to the student.

Yes, discipulae could formally be either:

• dative singular = to/for the student
• genitive singular = of the student

You tell which one it is from the sentence structure. After dat (gives), Latin commonly has:

• a direct object in the accusative
• an indirect object in the dative

So discipulae is naturally understood as to the student, not of the student.

Classical Latin does not have articles like English the and a/an. So a noun such as magistra can mean:

• the teacher
• a teacher

Context tells you which is best in translation. The same is true for discipula, penna, stilus, and many other nouns.

Latin word order is much freer than English word order because the endings show the job of each word.

English depends heavily on position:

• The teacher gives the student a pen

Latin can move words around more easily because the cases already show what each noun is doing:

• magistra = subject
• pennam = direct object
• discipulae = indirect object

Also, Latin often places the verb later in the clause, so dat at the end feels natural.

Quia means because. It introduces a clause that gives the reason for the main action.

So the sentence has this structure:

• main clause: Magistra novam pennam discipulae dat
• reason clause: quia stilus eius fractus est

In other words, the second part explains why the teacher gives the new pen.

Eius means his, her, or its, depending on context. It is the genitive singular form of is, ea, id.

Grammatically, eius itself does not tell you whether it means her referring to the teacher or her referring to the student. Context usually makes it clear. In this sentence, the most natural understanding is that it refers to the student: the teacher gives the student a new pen because her stylus is broken.

This is a very common question.

Suus, sua, suum is a reflexive possessive. It refers back to the subject of its own clause.

In the clause quia stilus eius fractus est, the subject is stilus. So if Latin used suus there, it would point back to stilus itself, which is not what is meant.

To refer to someone else, such as the student or the teacher, Latin uses eius.

So:

• suus = belonging to the subject of that clause
• eius = belonging to someone else

Fractus est is made of two parts:

• fractus = a participle meaning broken
• est = is

Together they mean is broken or, in some contexts, has been broken.

Latin often forms passive or result expressions this way: participle + form of esse.

Because fractus agrees with stilus, and stilus is:

• masculine
• singular
• nominative

So the participle must also be:

• masculine
• singular
• nominative

That gives fractus.

If the noun were feminine singular, you would expect fracta. If it were neuter singular, fractum.

In a sentence like this, it is usually best understood as is broken: it describes the current condition of the stylus and explains why the teacher is giving a new pen.

However, Latin forms like this can sometimes carry a sense closer to has been broken as well. The exact English wording depends on context. Here, the practical idea is simply that the stylus is not usable now.

Yes, it could come after. Latin adjectives often appear either before or after the noun. Both positions are possible.

So both of these are grammatically fine:

• novam pennam
• pennam novam

The choice can depend on style, emphasis, or just normal phrasing. What matters most is that the adjective agrees with the noun.