Cum hospes in atrium intrat, puella osculum matri dat et blanda voce “Salve” dicit.

Because cum can do two different jobs:

• as a preposition with the ablative, it means with
• as a conjunction introducing a clause, it can mean when, since, or although

Here it is followed by a full clause, hospes in atrium intrat, so it is a conjunction. That is why it means when.

This is a straightforward temporal clause: when the guest enters. In that kind of sentence, Latin can use cum + indicative.

So:

• cum ... intrat = when ... enters

Learners often meet cum with the subjunctive later on, especially in more literary or historical writing. But here the idea is simple and factual, so the indicative intrat is perfectly normal.

Because in changes meaning depending on the case:

• in + accusative = motion into somewhere
• in + ablative = location in or inside somewhere

Since the guest is entering into the atrium, Latin uses the accusative:

• in atrium = into the atrium

If the sentence meant the guest is in the atrium, it would use the ablative: in atrio.

Hospes is nominative singular, the subject of intrat.

So in the clause Cum hospes in atrium intrat:

• hospes = the guest
• intrat = enters

It is a third-declension noun. Depending on context, hospes can mean guest, and it can refer to a man or a woman. In this sentence, it simply means the guest.

Because do, dare means to give, and with verbs of giving Latin usually uses:

• the thing given in the accusative
• the person receiving it in the dative

So here:

• osculum = the thing given, so it is accusative
• matri = the person receiving it, so it is dative

That is why matri means to the mother.

Yes. It literally means gives a kiss, and that is a normal Latin way to express the idea.

So:

• osculum dat = she gives a kiss
• in natural English, that may simply be translated as she kisses

Latin could express kissing in other ways too, but osculum dare is a very common and idiomatic expression.

Blanda voce is in the ablative singular.

It is an example of the ablative of manner (or means), showing how she speaks:

• blanda voce = in a gentle voice / with a gentle voice

Latin often omits cum with this kind of phrase when the noun has an adjective with it. So both of these would be possible in Latin:

• blanda voce
• cum blanda voce

Also notice agreement:

• blanda matches voce
• both are feminine, singular, ablative

Salve is a standard Latin greeting meaning hello or more literally be well.

Grammatically, it is a singular imperative. It is used when speaking to one person.

So:

• Salve = said to one person
• Salvete = said to more than one person

In this sentence, the girl is greeting one person, so Salve is the correct form.

Because Latin often leaves subject pronouns unstated when they are obvious from the verb form or the context.

The ending of dicit already tells you the verb is:

• third person singular = he/she/it says

Then the context tells you who that person is. Here the main subject is puella, so dicit naturally means the girl says.

Latin does have pronouns such as ea for she, but they are usually used only when needed for emphasis or clarity.

Because hospes belongs to the subordinate clause introduced by cum:

• Cum hospes in atrium intrat = When the guest enters ...

After that clause ends, the main clause begins:

• puella osculum matri dat et blanda voce Salve dicit

In the main clause, puella is the nominative subject, and it naturally continues as the subject of both dat and dicit.

So the structure is:

• when the guest enters,
• the girl gives a kiss to her mother
• and the girl says Salve

Because Latin uses case endings much more than word order to show what each word is doing.

For example:

• puella is nominative, so it is the subject
• osculum is accusative, so it is the direct object
• matri is dative, so it is the indirect object
• voce is ablative, so it shows manner

Since those endings already mark the roles, Latin has more freedom in word order than English.

This sentence uses word order in a natural Latin way:

• the time clause comes first: Cum hospes in atrium intrat
• then the main action: puella osculum matri dat
• then the manner and the spoken word before dicit: blanda voce Salve dicit

English is usually more rigid, but Latin can move words around for flow, emphasis, or style.