Vir temerarius sine consilio in viam procedit, sed femina constans et cauta lente cogitat.

They are both nominative singular, because they are the subjects of their verbs.

• vir = the man
• femina = the woman

In Latin, the subject of a sentence is normally in the nominative case.

Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in gender, number, and case.

So:

• vir temerarius: temerarius is masculine nominative singular to match vir
• femina constans et cauta: both constans and cauta are feminine nominative singular to match femina

A useful detail:

• cauta changes its ending in the way many 1st/2nd declension adjectives do
• constans is a 3rd declension adjective, so its nominative singular form can look the same for masculine and feminine

Because sine is a preposition that takes the ablative case.

So:

• sine = without
• consilio = ablative singular of consilium

That is why Latin says sine consilio = without thought / without a plan / without judgment, depending on context.

Because in can take different cases depending on the meaning.

• in + accusative often shows motion toward or into
• in + ablative often shows location in/on

Here, in viam procedit means he moves onto / into the road/path, so Latin uses the accusative:

• viam = accusative singular of via

If it were talking about being on the road rather than moving onto it, Latin would more likely use in via.

Because lente is an adverb, not an adjective.

• lenta would be an adjective form meaning something like slow if describing a feminine noun
• lente means slowly, describing how she thinks

So:

• femina cauta = a cautious woman
• lente cogitat = she thinks slowly

Both are 3rd person singular present active indicative.

• procedit = he proceeds / moves forward
• cogitat = she thinks

They are 3rd person singular because each verb has a single subject:

• vir ... procedit
• femina ... cogitat

They are present tense because the action is happening in the present or is stated as a general truth.

Because Classical Latin has no articles.

So vir can mean:

• a man
• the man

and femina can mean:

• a woman
• the woman

You decide from the context which English article sounds best.

Latin word order is much freer than English word order because Latin shows grammatical relationships through endings, not mainly through position.

English depends heavily on order:

• The woman sees the man is different from The man sees the woman

Latin can move words around more easily because the endings tell you which word is the subject, object, and so on.

In this sentence:

• Vir temerarius puts the noun first, then its adjective
• sine consilio comes before the verb
• procedit and cogitat come at the end of their clauses, which is very common in Latin

So the order is natural Latin, even though it is not the most natural English order.

Et simply means and.

Here it joins two adjectives describing the same noun:

• constans = steadfast / firm / resolute
• cauta = cautious

So femina constans et cauta means the steadfast and cautious woman.

Yes. Not all Latin adjectives show feminine gender with a special ending in the nominative singular.

Constans is a 3rd declension adjective with the same nominative singular form for masculine and feminine. Its agreement is still real, even if the form does not visibly change here.

So constans can describe:

• a masculine noun
• a feminine noun

as long as the rest of its forms match appropriately in case and number.

The comma separates two main clauses:

• Vir temerarius sine consilio in viam procedit
• sed femina constans et cauta lente cogitat

And sed means but, introducing a contrast between the reckless man and the careful woman.

In Latin manuscripts, punctuation was not always used the way modern editors use it, but in modern printed Latin, this comma is perfectly normal and helpful.

Yes. Consilium is a flexible word. Depending on context, it can mean things like:

• plan
• judgment
• deliberation
• advice
• purpose

So sine consilio can suggest more than one shade of meaning, such as:

• without a plan
• without thinking
• without good judgment

That kind of range is very common in Latin vocabulary.