Mater aquam tepidam parat et dicit aquam tepidam gutturi salubrem esse.

Because aquam tepidam is functioning as the object.

• In Mater aquam tepidam parat, it is the direct object of parat: Mother prepares warm water.
• In dicit aquam tepidam gutturi salubrem esse, it is the subject of the infinitive inside an indirect statement. Latin uses the accusative + infinitive construction after verbs like dicit.

So in both parts, aquam tepidam is accusative singular feminine.

Because tepidam is an adjective agreeing with aquam.

In Latin, adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here:

• aquam = feminine, singular, accusative
• tepidam must match it, so it is also feminine, singular, accusative

That is why you get aquam tepidam = warm water.

Because salubrem is a predicate adjective agreeing with aquam tepidam in the indirect statement.

In aquam tepidam gutturi salubrem esse, the phrase means:

• aquam tepidam = warm water
• salubrem esse = to be beneficial / healthy

Since salubrem describes aquam tepidam, it must agree with it:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

So salubrem is accusative because it refers back to aquam inside the accusative-and-infinitive construction.

Because gutturi is dative singular, meaning for the throat or to the throat.

The adjective salubris, salubre often takes the dative of the thing or person benefited. So:

• guttur = the throat (nominative or accusative, depending on form)
• gutturi = for the throat / to the throat

Thus aquam tepidam gutturi salubrem esse means that warm water is beneficial for the throat.

This is one of the most important Latin constructions: indirect statement.

After a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, etc., Latin often uses:

• accusative subject
• infinitive verb

So:

• dicit = she says
• aquam tepidam = the subject of the reported statement, put in the accusative
• esse = to be

Literally, Latin says something like:

• she says warm water to be beneficial for the throat

Natural English turns that into:

• she says that warm water is beneficial for the throat

Because it completes the indirect statement.

The core of the reported idea is:

• aquam tepidam salubrem esse = warm water to be beneficial

Without esse, the sentence would be incomplete in normal prose. Latin often needs the infinitive esse in this kind of construction, especially in clear, standard prose.

So dicit aquam tepidam gutturi salubrem esse is the regular way to say she says that warm water is beneficial for the throat.

Because Latin often repeats a noun phrase for clarity, especially when starting a new clause.

The sentence has two linked actions:

1. Mater aquam tepidam parat
2. et dicit aquam tepidam gutturi salubrem esse

In English, we might say:

• Mother prepares warm water and says it is good for the throat.

Latin can do that too with a pronoun, for example eam, if the context is clear. But repeating aquam tepidam is perfectly normal and often clearer.

So the repetition is not strange; it just restates the thing being talked about.

Yes, it could have, if the context made the reference clear enough.

For example, a Latin speaker might say something like:

• Mater aquam tepidam parat et dicit eam gutturi salubrem esse.

Here eam means it, referring back to aquam.

However, repeating aquam tepidam is often clearer, especially for emphasis or in simple instructional prose. So the original sentence is very natural.

The word order is meaningful, but Latin is much more flexible than English.

This sentence has:

• Mater as the subject near the front
• aquam tepidam before parat
• then et dicit
• then the whole indirect statement

Latin could rearrange many of these words without changing the basic grammar, because the endings show the relationships. For example, tepidam aquam would still mean warm water.

What matters most is not position but endings:

• mater = nominative subject
• aquam / tepidam / salubrem = accusative feminine singular
• gutturi = dative singular
• esse = infinitive

So word order can shift, but the forms keep the meaning clear.

Yes. Both mean warm water.

Latin adjective placement is more flexible than English. So:

• aquam tepidam
• tepidam aquam

both are grammatically correct and mean the same basic thing.

Sometimes word order can create slight differences in emphasis or style, but a beginner should mainly understand that both are normal Latin.

Mater is the subject of both parat and dicit.

It is in the nominative singular:

• Mater = mother

So the structure is:

• Mater = subject
• parat = prepares
• dicit = says

Even though English often needs a subject pronoun like she, Latin does not need one here because Mater already provides the subject.

Yes. Both are present indicative active, third person singular.

• parat = she prepares
• dicit = she says

The subject is Mater, so both verbs are understood as mother prepares and mother says.

This is why the sentence describes what she is doing in the present.

Because in Latin the word that is often not expressed in indirect statement.

English usually says:

• She says that warm water is beneficial for the throat.

Latin instead uses the accusative + infinitive construction:

• dicit aquam tepidam gutturi salubrem esse

So the English word that is not translating a single Latin word here. It is just the most natural way to express the construction in English.