Puella quoque sternuit, cum fenestra diu aperta sit.

Quoque usually comes after the word it emphasizes.

So:

• puella quoque = the girl too / the girl also

If it followed a different word, the emphasis would shift. This is a very common Latin pattern, and it can feel unusual to English speakers because English usually puts also before the word or phrase it modifies.

It can be either.

Sternuit may be:

• present tense, 3rd person singular = she sneezes
• perfect tense, 3rd person singular = she sneezed

This is one of those Latin forms whose spelling is the same in both tenses. The broader context tells you which meaning is intended.

Here cum introduces a subordinate clause and most likely means since / because or sometimes when, depending on context.

So cum fenestra diu aperta sit is not just giving another statement; it is explaining the circumstance or cause connected with the sneezing.

A learner should get used to the fact that cum can have several meanings in Latin, including:

• when
• since / because
• although

The verb mood helps show which kind of cum is being used.

Because after this kind of cum clause, Latin commonly uses the subjunctive.

So:

• sit = present subjunctive of sum
• est = present indicative of sum

English speakers often expect the subjunctive to mean something uncertain or unreal, but in Latin that is not always the point. After cum, the subjunctive is often just the normal grammar for a causal, circumstantial, or concessive clause.

Aperta sit is made of:

• aperta = a perfect passive participle
• sit = present subjunctive of sum

Together they form the perfect passive subjunctive, feminine singular.

From aperio, this literally means something like:

• has been opened

But with fenestra and diu, English often expresses the idea more naturally as:

• has been open
• has been left open

So the Latin form is passive, but the sense in English may be more stative.

Because it agrees with fenestra.

Fenestra is:

• feminine
• singular
• nominative

So the participle must match it:

• fenestra aperta = the open window / the window having been opened

This is a basic rule: participles in Latin behave like adjectives and agree with the noun they go with in gender, number, and case.

It is nominative here.

That can be confusing, because in the first declension the nominative singular and ablative singular often look the same. But in this sentence, fenestra is the subject of sit:

• fenestra ... sit = the window ... is / has been

Also, aperta matches it as a nominative feminine singular form, which supports that reading.

Diu means for a long time.

It modifies the verbal idea in aperta sit, telling you how long the state has lasted:

• fenestra diu aperta sit = the window has been open for a long time

English speakers sometimes expect a noun phrase like for a long time, but Latin often uses a simple adverb such as diu.

Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order because Latin uses endings to show grammatical relationships.

This sentence is structured as:

• main clause: Puella quoque sternuit
• subordinate clause: cum fenestra diu aperta sit

A very literal arrangement in English would feel awkward:

• The girl also sneezes/sneezed, since the window for a long time open has been

Latin can do this because the endings already show what goes with what. The chosen order often helps with emphasis:

• puella quoque highlights the girl too
• the cum clause comes afterward as an explanation

Not necessarily.

In this sentence, the subjunctive is there mainly because of the cum clause construction, not because the speaker doubts the fact.

That is an important point for English speakers: Latin subjunctive does many jobs besides expressing uncertainty. Here it is better to think:

• This is the normal mood after this type of cum

rather than:

• Maybe the window is open, maybe not