Learn Hardcore Latin: Magister quoque in horto sedet. - The teacher also sits in the garden.

magister – nominative singular: teacher (subject)
magistrum – accusative singular: teacher as a direct object
magistri – could be nominative plural (teachers) or genitive singular (of the teacher)

In this sentence, the teacher is doing the sitting, so nominative magister is required.

What does quoque mean exactly, and where does it normally go in the sentence?

Quoque means also, too.

Position:

Quoque almost always comes after the word it belongs to or emphasizes.
Here, magister quoque suggests: the teacher also (as well as someone else) sits in the garden.

Changing its position changes what is being emphasized:

magister quoque in horto sedet – the teacher also sits in the garden (others do something similar)
magister in horto quoque sedet – the teacher sits in the garden too (among other places)
magister in horto sedet quoque – unusual and generally avoided.

So the default, natural place is immediately after the word it modifies.

Why is it in horto and not in hortum?

Latin uses different cases with in:

in
- ablative (here: horto) = location
  → in the garden, on the table, at home
in
- accusative (e.g. hortum) = motion into a place
  → into the garden, onto the table

Since the sentence describes being/sitting in the garden (no movement), the ablative is used: in horto = in the garden.

What case and declension is horto, and what is its dictionary form?

Dictionary form: hortus, horti, m. – garden
horto is ablative singular, from the second declension.

The main forms:

Nominative singular: hortus – garden (subject)
Genitive singular: horti – of the garden
Dative/ablative singular: horto – to/for the garden; in/by/with/from the garden (depending on preposition)
Accusative singular: hortum – garden (direct object or motion towards)

Here, with in, the ablative horto expresses location: in the garden.

Why is there no word for “the” in the Latin sentence?

Classical Latin has no articles like English “the” or “a/an”.

magister can mean “the teacher” or “a teacher” depending on context.
in horto can mean “in the garden” or “in a garden.”

The definiteness or indefiniteness (the/a) is understood from context, not from a separate word.

What form is sedet, and how would I give its dictionary entry?

Sedet is:

3rd person singular
Present tense
Active voice
Indicative mood

Meaning: he/she/it sits or he/she/it is sitting.

Dictionary entry (principal parts):

sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum – to sit

From this verb:

sedeo – I sit
sedes – you (sg.) sit
sedet – he/she/it sits
sedent – they sit

Why does Latin use sedet for both “sits” and “is sitting”?

Latin’s present tense covers both:

magister in horto sedet
→ The teacher sits in the garden
→ The teacher is sitting in the garden

English distinguishes simple present and present progressive (sits vs is sitting); classical Latin typically does not. Context decides which English version sounds more natural in translation.

Why is the verb sedet at the end of the sentence? Can Latin word order change?

Latin word order is much more flexible than English because roles are shown by endings, not position.

The most common neutral order is Subject – Object – Verb (SOV), so putting sedet at the end is very natural.
Other orders are possible, often for emphasis or style:
- Magister quoque in horto sedet. (neutral)
- In horto magister quoque sedet. (emphasis on the location)
- Sedet magister quoque in horto. (stronger focus on the action “sits”)

The meaning mainly stays the same, but the focus can shift.

How would I say “The teachers also sit in the garden” in Latin?

You need to make both the subject and the verb plural:

magistri quoque in horto sedent.

Changes:

magister → magistri (nominative plural: teachers)
sedet → sedent (3rd person plural: they sit)

Quoque stays the same: it does not change for number or gender.

Where would I put non if I want to say “The teacher does not sit in the garden”?

Non normally goes just before the verb it negates:

Magister quoque in horto non sedet.
→ The teacher also does not sit in the garden. (a bit clumsy in English)

If you only want simple negation without “also”:

Magister in horto non sedet.
→ The teacher does not sit in the garden.

Does magister have to be male? What if I want to say “female teacher”?

Magister is grammatically masculine and usually refers to a male teacher in classical usage.

For a female teacher, classical Latin often uses:

magistra (feminine form)

So you could say:

Magistra quoque in horto sedet.
→ The (female) teacher also sits in the garden.

How would this sentence be pronounced in Classical Latin?

In Classical pronunciation (IPA in slashes):

Magister quoque in horto sedet
/ˈma.gɪ.stɛr ˈkwɔ.kʷɛ ɪn ˈhɔr.to ˈsɛ.dɛt/

Approximate English-like guide:

Magister – MAH-gis-tehr
quoque – KWOH-kweh
in – in (like “in”)
horto – HOR-toh (with a hard h as in “house”)
sedet – SEH-det

Stress is on the first syllable of each word here.

Is quoque the only way to say “also” or “too” in Latin?

Quoque is the standard and safest choice for “also / too,” especially in simple sentences.

There are other words and expressions (like etiam, item), but:

quoque usually means “also / … too” and attaches to a particular word.
etiam can mean “even, also” and often puts more emphasis, sometimes sounding like “even the teacher sits…” depending on context.

For a beginning learner with this kind of sentence, quoque is the correct and most natural option.