sensei ha watasi no situmon ni sugu kotaete kuremasu.

は marks 先生 as the topic of the sentence: as for the teacher...

So the sentence is presenting information about the teacher:

• 先生は = As for the teacher, ...

If you used が instead, it would sound more like you were specifically identifying the teacher as the subject in a particular context:

• 先生が = the teacher / it is the teacher who...

In a simple neutral sentence like this, は is very natural.

私の質問 means my question or my questions, depending on context.

Breakdown:

• 私 = I / me
• の = shows possession or connection
• 質問 = question; inquiry

So:

• 私の質問 = my question

Japanese nouns usually do not change form for singular vs. plural, so 質問 could refer to one question or multiple questions if the context makes that clear.

With the verb 答える (to answer), the thing being answered is often marked by に.

So:

• 質問に答える = to answer a question
• literally, something like answer to a question

This is just the standard pattern for this verb. English uses answer a question directly, but Japanese often uses に with 答える.

答えてくれます is 答える in the て-form plus くれる.

Breakdown:

• 答えて = te-form of 答える
• くれます = does for me/us in a giving-a-benefit sense

So:

• 答えます = answers
• 答えてくれます = answers for me / kindly answers / gives me the favor of answering

The basic action is still answering, but くれます adds the nuance that the action benefits the speaker or someone close to the speaker.

くれます shows that the action is done for the speaker's benefit.

In this sentence, it implies something like:

• The teacher answers my questions for me
• The teacher kindly answers my questions
• The teacher does me the favor of answering my questions

It often gives a slightly appreciative or personal feeling. Without くれます, the sentence would sound more neutral and objective.

すぐ is an adverb meaning right away, immediately, or soon.

It comes before the verb phrase it modifies:

• すぐ答えてくれます = answers right away

Japanese adverbs often go before the verb, so this placement is very normal.

In this form, it most naturally suggests a habitual or general action:

• The teacher answers my questions right away.
• The teacher is quick to answer my questions.

Because くれます is in the non-past polite form, it can mean:

• a habitual action
• a future action
• sometimes a present action, depending on context

Without extra context, this sentence usually sounds like a general fact about the teacher's behavior.

Yes, very often.

Japanese frequently omits information that is already understood from context. So if it is obvious whose question it is, you could simply say:

• 先生は質問にすぐ答えてくれます。

That would still be natural. Including 私 makes it explicit that these are my questions.

Here, 先生 is being used as a noun meaning teacher.

So:

• 先生は... = The teacher...

In Japanese, 先生 can also be used to directly address a teacher, doctor, professor, etc. But in this sentence, it is just the subject/topic of the sentence.

It is read:

• こたえてくれます

Breakdown:

• 答える = こたえる = to answer
• 答えて = こたえて = te-form
• くれます = くれます

So the full sentence is read:

• せんせい は わたし の しつもん に すぐ こたえて くれます。

The spaces are just for learners.

Normally, Japanese is written without spaces:

• 先生は私の質問にすぐ答えてくれます。

Textbooks and beginner materials often add spaces to make the structure easier to see.

Yes, to some extent.

Japanese word order is more flexible than English, as long as the particles still show each word's role. For example, these are still understandable:

• 先生はすぐ私の質問に答えてくれます。
• 私の質問に先生はすぐ答えてくれます。

However, the original order is very natural and easy to follow:

• 先生は 私の質問に すぐ 答えてくれます。

The verb phrase still comes at the end, which is the most important rule here.

Without くれます, you get:

• 先生は私の質問にすぐ答えます。

This means:

• The teacher answers my questions right away.

That version is grammatically correct, but it is more neutral. It simply states the fact.

With くれます:

• 先生は私の質問にすぐ答えてくれます。

the speaker sounds a little more personally involved, and it suggests gratitude, appreciation, or benefit to the speaker.