eki de miti ni mayotta gaikokuzin ni eigo de hanasikakemasita.

A natural reading is:

えきで みちに まよった がいこくじんに えいごで はなしかけました。
Eki de michi ni mayotta gaikokujin ni eigo de hanashikakemashita.

A rough rhythm/parse is:

• 駅で = at the station
• 道に迷った外国人に = to a foreigner who was lost
• 英語で = in English
• 話しかけました = spoke to / started talking to

Because Japanese often leaves out the subject when it is obvious from context.

So this sentence naturally means something like:

• (I) spoke to a foreigner who was lost at the station in English.

But Japanese does not need to say 私が unless there is a reason to emphasize it or contrast it with someone else.

This is very common and very natural in Japanese.

Here, で marks the place where an action happens.

• 駅で話しかけました = spoke to someone at the station

By contrast, に often marks:

• destination: 駅に行く = go to the station
• existence: 駅に人がいる = there is a person at the station
• specific time, target, etc.

So in this sentence, the station is the location of the action, so で is the right particle.

This is a very common Japanese structure: a clause comes before a noun and modifies it.

So:

• 道に迷った = got lost / was lost
• 外国人 = foreigner

Together:

• 道に迷った外国人 = a foreigner who got lost / a foreigner who was lost

Japanese does not need a relative pronoun like who or that here.
It simply puts the descriptive part directly before the noun.

So this is one chunk:

• [道に迷った] 外国人

They are doing two different jobs.

1. 道に迷った

   • Here に is part of the expression 道に迷う, which means to lose one’s way / to get lost.

2. 外国人に話しかけました

   • Here に marks the person being spoken to.
   • X に 話しかける = speak to X / address X

So even though the same particle appears twice, the function is different in each place.

Yes, it is basically a set expression.

• 道 = road / way
• 迷う = to be lost / to lose one’s way / to be unsure

So 道に迷う means:

• to get lost
• to lose one’s way

In English, we would not usually translate it literally as be confused by the road or anything like that.
It is just the normal Japanese way to say someone got lost.

Because で here marks the language or means used to do the action.

• 英語で話しかけました = spoke to them in English

This is different from:

• 英語を話す = speak English

So:

• 英語を話す focuses on speaking the language itself
• 英語で話しかける focuses on using English as the language/tool for addressing someone

With 話しかける, the common pattern is:

• 人に 〜で 話しかける
• speak to a person in some language / manner

Not quite.

• 話しました = spoke / talked
• 話しかけました = spoke to someone / started talking to someone / addressed someone

話しかける has the nuance of initiating speech toward another person.
It often implies starting a conversation or approaching someone verbally.

So in this sentence, the speaker did not just talk in general—they spoke to the lost foreigner.

That makes 話しかけました a very natural choice here.

Because the clause modifying 外国人 is describing that person by a completed or existing situation.

• 道に迷った外国人 = a foreigner who got lost / a foreigner who was lost

In Japanese, relative clauses use plain forms, not polite forms.
So even though the main verb is polite:

• 話しかけました

the modifier stays plain:

• 迷った

Also, the English translation may sound more natural as a lost foreigner or a foreigner who was lost, even though Japanese uses the past form 迷った.

This can feel a little broad in scope, and context helps.

In practice, the sentence is usually understood as something like:

• At the station, I spoke in English to a foreigner who was lost.

Because 駅で comes early, it can set the scene for the whole event.
At the same time, listeners may also naturally connect it with the lost foreigner: a foreigner who got lost at the station.

So the exact scope is not always as sharply separated as it would be in English.
Usually this is not a problem, because both ideas fit the situation.

If someone wanted to make the structure clearer, they could rephrase it.

Grammatically, 外国人 is perfectly normal, and in a sentence like this it is common.

However, in real-life usage, it can sometimes sound a little blunt depending on tone and context, especially if you are labeling a person directly.

Possible alternatives include:

• 外国の方 = a foreign person (more polite)
• 海外の方 = someone from overseas
• 観光客 = tourist, if that is what you mean

So:

• As a neutral grammar example, 外国人 is fine.
• In polite real-world speech, some people prefer softer expressions.

To some extent, yes. Japanese word order is more flexible than English because particles show each word’s role.

For example, these are still understandable:

• 駅で外国人に英語で話しかけました。
• 外国人に駅で英語で話しかけました。

However, one important rule is that a modifier must stay before the noun it modifies:

• 道に迷った外国人 is one unit

You cannot separate 道に迷った from 外国人.

So Japanese word order is flexible, but not completely free. The relationships created by particles and modifiers still matter.