Ogni giovedì la figlia suona il pianoforte dopo cena.

Because after ogni (every), Italian normally uses the singular form:

• ogni giorno = every day
• ogni settimana = every week
• ogni giovedì = every Thursday

Also, giovedì does not change form in the plural, so giovedì can mean either Thursday or Thursdays depending on context.

In Italian, the days of the week are normally written with lowercase letters, unlike in English.

So:

• lunedì = Monday
• martedì = Tuesday
• giovedì = Thursday

You would only capitalize it if it began a sentence or was part of a title.

Italian usually uses an article where English often does not.

• la figlia = the daughter

In Italian, a bare noun like figlia by itself would usually sound incomplete in a sentence like this. The article helps identify the noun properly.

Compare:

• La figlia suona il pianoforte. = The daughter plays the piano.

There could be, but this sentence is simply saying the daughter, not his/her daughter.

• la figlia = the daughter
• sua figlia = his/her daughter
• mia figlia = my daughter

So this is a choice of meaning, not a grammar mistake. If the context already makes it clear whose daughter is meant, Italian may simply use la figlia.

Suona is the third-person singular present tense of suonare (to play an instrument / to sound / to ring).

Here it means:

• (lei) suona = she plays

Italian uses the present tense very often for habitual actions, just like English can:

• Ogni giovedì la figlia suona il pianoforte.
  = Every Thursday the daughter plays the piano.

So this is not necessarily happening right now; it describes a routine.

With musical instruments, Italian usually uses the definite article:

• suonare il pianoforte = to play the piano
• suonare la chitarra = to play the guitar
• suonare il violino = to play the violin

This is different from English, where we often say just play piano in some contexts. In Italian, the article is normally required.

Yes. Pianoforte is the full word, but piano is very common in everyday Italian.

So both are possible:

• suona il pianoforte
• suona il piano

Both mean plays the piano. Pianoforte may sound a little more formal or full.

Dopo cena is a very common Italian expression meaning after dinner.

With meals, Italian often omits the article in fixed expressions:

• prima di colazione = before breakfast
• dopo pranzo = after lunch
• dopo cena = after dinner

If you say dopo la cena, it usually sounds more specific, like after the dinner or after that particular dinner.

No, Italian word order is fairly flexible, although some orders sound more natural depending on emphasis.

This sentence could also be said as:

• La figlia suona il pianoforte ogni giovedì dopo cena.
• Dopo cena, la figlia suona il pianoforte ogni giovedì.
• Ogni giovedì, dopo cena, la figlia suona il pianoforte.

The original sentence is perfectly natural. Moving parts around usually changes emphasis, not the core meaning.

Yes, often it could be, because Italian is a pro-drop language: the verb ending already tells you the person and number.

So in context, you could say:

• Ogni giovedì suona il pianoforte dopo cena.

That can mean Every Thursday she plays the piano after dinner, if it is clear who she is.

However, la figlia is included here to make the subject explicit.

It normally means a repeated action:

• ogni giovedì = every Thursday / on Thursdays

So the sentence describes a habit or routine, not one single event.

If you wanted one specific Thursday, you would use a different expression, such as:

• questo giovedì = this Thursday
• giovedì scorso = last Thursday
• giovedì prossimo = next Thursday

Because of the sentence structure:

• la figlia = subject
• suona = verb
• il pianoforte = direct object

So literally the structure is:

• The daughter
  • plays
    • the piano

Italian word order and articles help make this clear.

A useful breakdown is:

• Ogni giovedì = time expression (every Thursday)
• la figlia = subject (the daughter)
• suona = verb (plays)
• il pianoforte = object (the piano)
• dopo cena = time expression (after dinner)

So the pattern is roughly:

Time + Subject + Verb + Object + Time

That is a very common and natural Italian sentence pattern.