Il deterioramento della carta d'identità elettronica impedisce l'autenticazione.

Della is the contraction of di + la.

• di can mean of
• la means the for a feminine singular noun

So della carta d'identità elettronica means of the electronic identity card.

In this sentence, it shows what is deteriorating:
il deterioramento della carta d'identità elettronica = the deterioration of the electronic identity card.

Because Italian often shortens di to d' before a vowel. This is called elision.

• di identità becomes d'identità

So:

• carta d'identità = identity card

This is the normal fixed expression in Italian.

Because l' is the shortened form of la or lo before a vowel.

Here, autenticazione begins with a, so:

• la autenticazione becomes l'autenticazione

This is standard Italian spelling.

Because it agrees with carta, which is a feminine singular noun.

• carta = feminine singular
• so the adjective must also be feminine singular: elettronica

Even though identità is also feminine, the head noun of the expression is carta, so that is what controls agreement.

Compare:

• carta elettronica
• documento elettronico

The adjective changes to match the noun.

In Italian, adjectives often come after the noun, especially when they are simply describing a type or category.

So:

• carta d'identità elettronica = electronic identity card

This word order is very natural in Italian.
Putting the adjective before the noun is sometimes possible in Italian, but it often changes the tone or sounds less standard. Here, after the noun is the normal choice.

Impedisce is the third-person singular present tense of impedire.

So it means:

• (it) prevents
• (it) hinders
• (it) blocks

Why third-person singular? Because the subject is:

• Il deterioramento della carta d'identità elettronica

That whole noun phrase is singular, so the verb is singular too:

• il deterioramento ... impedisce

Because impedire is an -ire verb that follows the pattern with -isc- in some present-tense forms.

Its present tense is:

• io impedisco
• tu impedisci
• lui/lei impedisce
• noi impediamo
• voi impedite
• loro impediscono

So impedisce is the correct form for he/she/it prevents.

Many Italian -ire verbs work like this, for example:

• capire → capisce
• finire → finisce

Italian uses definite articles more often than English does.

Here you have:

• Il deterioramento
• della carta d'identità elettronica
• l'autenticazione

In English, some of these might sound optional depending on style, but in Italian they are very natural and usually necessary.

Italian often uses the definite article with:

• abstract nouns
• general concepts
• formal or technical wording
• nouns that are specified by another phrase

So this sentence sounds normal and idiomatic in Italian.

The subject is the whole phrase:

• Il deterioramento della carta d'identità elettronica

That is what impedisce.

The direct object is:

• l'autenticazione

So the structure is:

• Subject: il deterioramento della carta d'identità elettronica
• Verb: impedisce
• Object: l'autenticazione

This is a very standard Italian word order: subject + verb + object.

It goes with deterioramento.

The sentence groups like this:

• Il deterioramento [della carta d'identità elettronica] impedisce l'autenticazione.

So the meaning is:

• the deterioration of the electronic identity card prevents authentication

It does not mean that the authentication belongs to the identity card in that part of the sentence.
The di phrase clearly explains what is deteriorating.

Yes. Carta d'identità elettronica is the standard term for the Italian electronic identity card, often abbreviated as CIE.

That means learners should treat it almost as a set expression:

• carta d'identità = identity card
• carta d'identità elettronica = electronic identity card

So even though you can analyze the grammar normally, it is also useful to memorize the whole phrase as a unit.

Because Italian, especially in formal, administrative, or technical language, often uses nouns where English might also use a process noun.

So:

• impedisce l'autenticazione = prevents authentication

This sounds formal and technical, which fits the context.

A more verbal phrasing can exist in other contexts, but this noun-based style is very common in official or technical Italian.