L'ufficio rilascia il documento.

Because ufficio begins with a vowel, and the singular definite article il is normally shortened before a vowel.

So:

• il + ufficio → l'ufficio

This is called elision. The apostrophe shows that a vowel has been dropped.

You will often see this with singular nouns beginning with a vowel:

• l'amico
• l'albero
• l'ufficio

Ufficio is masculine.

You can tell from the usual article patterns:

• singular: l'ufficio
• plural: gli uffici

Even though it uses l' in the singular, that does not tell you whether the noun is masculine or feminine by itself, because l' can be used with both before a vowel. You have to learn the noun’s gender separately.

Rilascia is a verb form. It comes from the infinitive rilasciare.

In this sentence, it is:

• third person singular
• present indicative

So it matches l'ufficio = the office.

Compare:

• io rilascio = I issue / release
• tu rilasci
• lui/lei rilascia
• noi rilasciamo
• voi rilasciate
• loro rilasciano

With something like documento, rilasciare often means to issue, to provide officially, or to release.

So in administrative or official contexts, rilascia il documento is often understood as something like:

• issues the document
• releases the document
• provides the document officially

The exact English choice depends on context, but the Italian verb is the normal one for an office or authority giving out an official document.

Il documento uses the definite article, so it refers to a specific document.

• il documento = the document
• un documento = a document

If the sentence is about a known or particular document, Italian uses il. If it were any document, or one not yet identified, un would be more likely.

In this sentence, the normal Italian word order helps:

• l'ufficio = subject
• rilascia = verb
• il documento = direct object

So the structure is:

Subject + Verb + Object

That is the most neutral and common pattern in Italian, just as in English.

Also, semantically it makes sense: an office can issue a document, while a document does not usually issue an office.

Yes, Italian often drops subject pronouns, but in this sentence the subject is a noun, not a pronoun.

So:

• L'ufficio rilascia il documento. = full sentence with the subject stated
• Rilascia il documento. = possible, but then the subject is not explicitly named and must be understood from context

Because rilascia is third person singular, the hidden subject could be:

• he
• she
• it
• a singular noun understood from context

So keeping l'ufficio makes the sentence clearer.

Yes, Italian word order is more flexible than English, but the basic order here is the most neutral one.

Standard order:

• L'ufficio rilascia il documento.

Other orders are possible for emphasis, for example:

• Il documento lo rilascia l'ufficio.

That version puts more focus on the document and sounds more marked or emphatic.

For learners, the safest pattern is the basic one:

Subject + Verb + Object

A helpful approximate pronunciation is:

loo-FEE-cho ree-LAH-sha eel doh-koo-MEN-to

A few useful details:

• ufficio has stress on -fi-: uf-FI-cio
• scia in rilascia sounds like sha
• documento has stress on -men-: docu-MEN-to

So:

• l'ufficio → loo-FEE-cho
• rilascia → ree-LAH-sha
• il documento → eel doh-koo-MEN-to

Because il documento is the direct object of the verb rilasciare.

In Italian, direct objects normally come without a preposition:

• L'ufficio rilascia il documento.

This is just like English:

• The office issues the document.

You would only need a preposition if the verb required one, but rilasciare takes a direct object here.

Not always. Ufficio can mean:

• a physical office
• an office as a department
• a bureau or administrative office

In a sentence like this, it often means the office/department/authority as an institution, not just the room itself.

So depending on context, l'ufficio could refer to:

• the administrative office
• the relevant department
• the public office in charge of issuing the document

The plural would be:

Gli uffici rilasciano i documenti.

Changes:

• l'ufficio → gli uffici
• rilascia → rilasciano
• il documento → i documenti

So you change:

• the noun to plural
• the article to plural
• the verb to match the new plural subject

This is a good way to see agreement in action.