Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Saya minum kopi di pagi hari jadi saya merasa bahagia. - I drink coffee in the morning so I feel happy.

The verb minum appears in its base form, which doesn’t specify a tense. Instead, contextual clues like "di pagi hari" (in the morning) indicate when the action takes place. Indonesian relies on time adverbs rather than verb conjugation to convey tense.

What does the word jadi mean in this sentence, and how does it function grammatically?

Jadi functions as a conjunction meaning "so" or "thus." It connects the first clause ("Saya minum kopi di pagi hari") to the second clause ("saya merasa bahagia"), showing a cause-and-effect relationship between drinking coffee and feeling happy.

Why is the subject saya repeated in both parts of the sentence?

Repeating saya in each clause emphasizes that the same subject is responsible for both actions. In Indonesian, it’s common to restate the subject when linking separate clauses, which helps ensure clarity, especially in compound sentences.

How does the phrase "di pagi hari" function within this sentence?

"Di pagi hari" is an adverbial phrase that specifies the time of the action, translating to "in the morning." It sets the temporal context for the action without needing a change in the verb form.

Is it necessary or common to include punctuation, like a comma, before jadi in this sentence?

In formal Indonesian writing, a comma before jadi is often used to separate the two independent clauses, enhancing clarity. However, in more informal contexts, the comma may be dropped, and both forms are acceptable.

How is the feeling expressed in "merasa bahagia" structured in Indonesian?

The phrase "merasa bahagia" directly translates to "feel happy." The verb merasa (to feel) is followed by the adjective bahagia (happy), which is the standard way to express states or emotions in Indonesian.