הרופאה אמרה לשים משחה על הפצע ולשים עליו תחבושת נקייה.

Because הרופאה means the female doctor. The base noun is רופאה (female doctor), and the ה־ at the beginning is the.

So:

• רופאה = a female doctor
• הרופאה = the female doctor

The ־ה at the end is part of the feminine noun itself, not the word for the.

Because the subject is feminine: הרופאה.

In the past tense, Hebrew verbs agree with the subject in gender and number:

• הוא אמר = he said
• היא אמרה = she said

Since הרופאה is feminine singular, the verb is אמרה.

לשים literally means to put or to place, but in this sentence it is being used in a very natural Hebrew way for applying something.

So:

• לשים משחה = to put/apply ointment
• לשים תחבושת = to put on/apply a bandage

In English, we often use different verbs like apply for ointment and put on for a bandage, but Hebrew can use לשים for both.

Because there are two separate actions:

1. לשים משחה על הפצע = to put ointment on the wound
2. ולשים עליו תחבושת נקייה = and to put a clean bandage on it

Hebrew often repeats the infinitive like this for clarity and natural flow. It is similar to English saying:

• to apply ointment to the wound and to put a clean bandage on it

You could sometimes omit the second verb in other contexts, but here repeating לשים sounds normal and clear.

Because both nouns are indefinite here.

In Hebrew, את marks a definite direct object. But here we have:

• משחה = ointment / an ointment
• תחבושת נקייה = a clean bandage

These are not definite, so there is no את.

Compare:

• לשים משחה = to apply ointment
• לשים את המשחה = to apply the ointment

The first time, the noun is stated explicitly:

• על הפצע = on the wound

The second time, Hebrew uses a pronoun suffix:

• עליו = on it / on him

Here, עליו refers back to הפצע.

So the sentence avoids repeating הפצע twice:

• put ointment on the wound and put a clean bandage on it

Because פצע is a masculine noun in Hebrew.

Even though wound is an inanimate thing, Hebrew still assigns it grammatical gender. Since פצע is masculine singular, the pronoun suffix is masculine singular too:

• עליו = on it/him
• עליה = on it/her

Here it must be עליו because it refers to הפצע.

Yes. Literally, עליו can mean on him or on it, depending on context.

Hebrew uses the same masculine singular pronoun form for both:

• a masculine person
• a masculine noun referring to a thing

Since פצע is masculine, עליו means on it here.

In Hebrew, adjectives usually come after the noun.

So:

• תחבושת נקייה = a clean bandage

Also, the adjective must agree with the noun in gender and number:

• תחבושת is feminine singular
• so the adjective is נקייה, feminine singular

Compare:

• תחבושת נקייה = a clean bandage
• פצע נקי = a clean wound

Because the noun phrase is indefinite: a clean bandage, not the clean bandage.

In Hebrew, if the noun is definite, the adjective is usually definite too:

• תחבושת נקייה = a clean bandage
• התחבושת הנקייה = the clean bandage

Since the sentence is talking about putting a clean bandage on the wound, not a specific previously identified one, both words stay indefinite.

Yes, it is very natural and common.

A learner might expect a more specific verb, and Hebrew does have one:

• למרוח משחה = to spread/smear ointment

But לשים משחה is also extremely natural in everyday speech and is often what people actually say.

So both can work, but:

• לשים משחה sounds simple and common
• למרוח משחה emphasizes the act of spreading it

ו־ means and.

So:

• ולשים = and to put / and to apply

It connects the two instructions:

• put ointment on the wound
• and put a clean bandage on it

Yes.

The sentence says:

• הרופאה אמרה לשים... = The doctor said to put/apply...

This is not a direct quote like:

• הרופאה אמרה: שים משחה... = The doctor said: Put ointment...

Instead, it reports the instruction indirectly using the infinitive לשים.

Yes. In natural English, this often gets translated as told [someone] to put rather than just said to put.

Hebrew does not always state the person receiving the instruction if it is obvious from context. So:

• הרופאה אמרה לשים משחה... can mean
  The doctor said to apply ointment...
  or
  The doctor told me/us/him/her to apply ointment...

The exact implied person depends on the context.

Only the subject and verb would change:

• הרופא אמר לשים משחה על הפצע ולשים עליו תחבושת נקייה.

Changes:

• הרופאה → הרופא
• אמרה → אמר

Everything else stays the same.