למשל, היום היא יצאה מוקדם כדי לקנות משהו קטן ליום ההולדת של החברה שלה.

למשל means for example.

It is often used at the beginning of a sentence to introduce an example, just like English for example. In writing, it is commonly followed by a comma:

למשל, ... = For example, ...

It can also appear elsewhere in a sentence, but sentence-initial position is very common.

Yes, Hebrew can often leave subject pronouns out, because the verb already shows person, number, and sometimes gender.

So both of these are possible:

• היום היא יצאה מוקדם
• היום יצאה מוקדם

The version with היא sounds a bit more explicit. It may add clarity, contrast, or simply reflect natural speaking style.

Hebrew word order is fairly flexible.

In this sentence, putting היום first highlights the time: today. That is very natural.

These are all possible, with slightly different emphasis:

• היום היא יצאה מוקדם = emphasis on today
• היא יצאה מוקדם היום = more neutral, or emphasis comes later
• היא היום יצאה מוקדם = also possible in some contexts

So the sentence starts with היום because the speaker wants to foreground the time.

Because the subject is היא = she, and the verb is in the past tense, feminine singular.

From the verb לצאת = to go out / to leave:

• הוא יצא = he went out / he left
• היא יצאה = she went out / she left

So יצאה matches היא.

It can mean either one, depending on context.

The basic idea of לצאת is to go out. But in many sentences, especially with time expressions like מוקדם (early), it can naturally be translated as left:

• היא יצאה מוקדם = she left early
• literally: she went out early

Both are possible translations, and context decides which sounds better in English.

Because here מוקדם is functioning like an adverb, meaning early, not like an adjective describing a feminine noun.

In Hebrew, when a word is used adverbially in this way, it often stays in the masculine singular form:

• היא יצאה מוקדם = she left early
• הוא יצא מוקדם = he left early

Same form in both sentences.

But if it were a real adjective modifying a feminine noun, you would expect feminine agreement:

• הפגישה מוקדמת = the meeting is early / the meeting is an early one

So in your sentence, מוקדם is best understood as early in an adverb-like sense.

כדי means in order to or so as to.

It introduces a purpose:

• היא יצאה מוקדם כדי לקנות...
• She left early in order to buy...

So the structure is:

• main action: she left early
• purpose: to buy something small

A very common pattern is:

• כדי + infinitive

as in:

• כדי לקנות = to buy / in order to buy

Because the Hebrew infinitive usually begins with ל־, which often corresponds to English to.

So:

• לקנות = to buy
• base verb: קנה = bought
• infinitive: לקנות = to buy

After כדי, Hebrew normally uses this infinitive form:

• כדי לקנות = in order to buy

Because את marks a definite direct object, and משהו קטן is indefinite.

Compare:

• היא קנתה את המתנה = she bought the gift
  definite, so את is used

• היא קנתה מתנה = she bought a gift
  indefinite, so no את

In your sentence:

• לקנות משהו קטן = to buy something small

משהו קטן is not definite, so there is no את.

Because in Hebrew, adjectives usually come after the noun they describe.

So:

• משהו קטן = something small
• בית גדול = a big house
• ילדה חכמה = a smart girl

This is the normal order in Hebrew: noun + adjective.

Also, קטן is in the masculine singular form, which is the expected form here with משהו.

יום הולדת literally means birthday, and more literally still it is something like day of birth.

This is a construct phrase in Hebrew, where two nouns are linked:

• יום הולדת = birthday
• literally: day of birth

When the phrase is definite, Hebrew usually marks definiteness on the second noun:

• יום הולדת = a birthday
• יום ההולדת = the birthday

So יום ההולדת means the birthday, even though the ה־ appears only on הולדת.

Here ל־ means for.

So:

• יום ההולדת = the birthday
• ליום ההולדת = for the birthday

In context:

• לקנות משהו קטן ליום ההולדת
• to buy something small for the birthday

In natural English, that often becomes for her birthday or for the birthday depending on context.

Because של is a very common way to express of or possession.

So:

• יום ההולדת של החברה שלה
• literally: the birthday of her friend

This is very natural Hebrew.

The structure is:

• יום ההולדת = the birthday
• של = of
• החברה שלה = her friend / her girlfriend

So the whole phrase means:

• the birthday of her friend
• more naturally in English: her friend’s birthday

It can mean either one, depending on context.

חברה can mean:

• female friend
• girlfriend
• in other contexts, even company

And שלה means hers / her.

So:

• החברה שלה can mean her female friend
• or her girlfriend

Only context tells you which one is meant. If the intended English translation says her friend, that is probably the intended meaning here, but the Hebrew itself is potentially ambiguous.