בסוף הארוחה נשארה רק קערה אחת של גלידת שוקולד.

Because the grammatical subject is קערה אחת — one bowl.

• קערה is a feminine singular noun.
• In the past tense, Hebrew verbs agree with the subject in gender and number.
• So Hebrew uses נשארה and not נשאר.

Even though the subject comes after the verb, it still controls agreement.

נשארה is past tense.

It is the 3rd person feminine singular form of להישאר (to remain / to stay / to be left).

So in this sentence, it means remained or was left.

Hebrew often allows — and very naturally uses — verb + subject word order, especially in sentences that introduce what remained, appeared, arrived, happened, and so on.

So:

• נשארה רק קערה אחת... = a very natural Hebrew way to say Only one bowl remained...

A subject-first version is also possible, but it gives a slightly different feel or emphasis:

• בסוף הארוחה רק קערה אחת של גלידת שוקולד נשארה

The version in your sentence sounds smoother and more natural in ordinary Hebrew.

In Hebrew, the number one usually comes after the noun.

So:

• קערה אחת = one bowl
• ספר אחד = one book

Also, the number must match the noun’s gender:

• קערה is feminine, so the form is אחת
• with a masculine noun, it would be אחד

Hebrew has no indefinite article. There is no separate word for a or an.

So:

• קערה can mean a bowl
• קערה אחת means one bowl

The noun is indefinite simply because it does not have ה־ attached to it.

It means at the end of the meal.

Breakdown:

• ב־ = in / at
• סוף = end
• הארוחה = the meal

So literally: at the end of the meal.

This is a very common Hebrew structure:

• בתחילת היום = at the beginning of the day
• בסוף השבוע = at the end of the week

Because this is a kind of of-relationship: the end of the meal.

In Hebrew, in this kind of structure, the definiteness is often shown on the second noun, not the first.

So:

• סוף הארוחה = the end of the meal

Even though סוף itself does not have ה־, the whole phrase is definite because הארוחה is definite.

Because רק usually goes right before the thing it is limiting or focusing on.

Here it limits קערה אחת:

• נשארה רק קערה אחת = only one bowl remained

That placement tells you the important restriction is the quantity: just one bowl.

If רק were moved, the emphasis could change.

של means of, and here it connects the bowl to its contents:

• קערה אחת של גלידת שוקולד = one bowl of chocolate ice cream

This is a very common Hebrew pattern for container + contents:

• כוס של מים = a glass of water
• צלחת של אורז = a plate of rice

Hebrew could also sometimes use a more compact noun chain, but של is very natural here.

Because גלידת שוקולד is a construct form meaning chocolate ice cream.

In Hebrew, when one noun is closely linked to another noun, the first one often changes into a construct form:

• גלידה = ice cream
• גלידת שוקולד = chocolate ice cream
• עוגה = cake
• עוגת שוקולד = chocolate cake

So גלידת שוקולד is the normal Hebrew way to say this flavor/type.

Yes, בסוף can sometimes mean in the end / eventually / finally in other contexts.

But here, because it is followed by הארוחה, it clearly means the literal time expression:

• בסוף הארוחה = at the end of the meal

So in this sentence, it is not the abstract eventually meaning.

The verb agrees with קערה, because that is the head noun of the subject.

The full subject is:

• קערה אחת של גלידת שוקולד

But the core noun is קערה (bowl), which is feminine singular.
That is why the verb is נשארה.

The phrase של גלידת שוקולד just describes what kind of bowl / what it contains.