Η δασκάλα εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στο μάθημα.

The (female) teacher explains a difficult paragraph in class.

Breakdown of Η δασκάλα εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στο μάθημα.

• σε: in
• δύσκολος: difficult
• μία: one
• το μάθημα: the class
• η δασκάλα: the female teacher
• εξηγώ: to explain
• η παράγραφος: the paragraph

Questions & Answers about Η δασκάλα εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στο μάθημα.

What does Η in Η δασκάλα mean, and why is it that form?

Η is the feminine singular definite article in the nominative case. It corresponds to English “the”.

• η δασκάλα = the (female) teacher
• η tells you the noun is feminine, singular, and here it’s the subject of the sentence.

Other nominative singular definite articles for comparison:

• ο δάσκαλος = the (male) teacher – masculine
• το μάθημα = the lesson – neuter

So η is used because δασκάλα is a feminine noun acting as the subject.

Why is the subject written as Η δασκάλα and not just a pronoun like αυτή (“she”)?

In Greek, you can omit subject pronouns because the verb ending usually shows who is doing the action. But here:

• Η δασκάλα specifies who is acting: the teacher.
• If you just say Εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στο μάθημα, it would mean “She/He is explaining a difficult paragraph in class”, but it would be unclear who unless context is already known.

Using η δασκάλα makes it explicit that we’re talking about the teacher, not just some unspecified “she”.

You also normally don’t say Η δασκάλα αυτή εξηγεί… to mean “she explains”; αυτή is only added if you want to emphasize this teacher in particular.

What is the difference between δασκάλα and καθηγήτρια for “teacher”?

Both mean “female teacher,” but they are used in different contexts:

• η δασκάλα – typically a primary / elementary school teacher.
• η καθηγήτρια – usually a high school teacher, college lecturer, or professor.

So in a primary school context, η δασκάλα is natural. For a high school or university setting, you’d more likely say:

• Η καθηγήτρια εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στο μάθημα.

What does εξηγεί mean exactly, and what tense/aspect is it?

εξηγεί is the 3rd person singular, present tense of the verb εξηγώ (“to explain”).

• (εγώ) εξηγώ – I explain / I am explaining
• (εσύ) εξηγείς – you explain / you are explaining
• (αυτός/αυτή/αυτό) εξηγεί – he/she/it explains / is explaining

Greek present tense usually covers both:

• “explains” (present simple)
• “is explaining” (present continuous/progressive)

So Η δασκάλα εξηγεί… can mean:

• “The teacher explains a difficult paragraph…”
  or
• “The teacher is explaining a difficult paragraph…”

Context usually decides which English version sounds more natural.

Why is it μια δύσκολη παράγραφο and not ένα or έναν?

Μια is the feminine singular indefinite article in the accusative case, corresponding to English “a / an”.

Indefinite articles in Greek:

• ένας – masculine nominative (e.g. ένας μαθητής = a (male) student)
• μια / μία – feminine nominative and accusative (e.g. μια δασκάλα, μια παράγραφο)
• ένα – neuter nominative and accusative (e.g. ένα μάθημα)

In the sentence:

• παράγραφο is feminine (dictionary form: η παράγραφος)
• It is the direct object, so it is in the accusative case: (την) παράγραφο
• The article must agree: μια δύσκολη παράγραφο (feminine, singular, accusative)

So μια is the only correct choice here.

Why is it παράγραφο with final -ο, not παράγραφος?

The dictionary (nominative) form is:

• η παράγραφος – the paragraph (subject form)

But Greek nouns change their ending depending on the case:

• Nominative (subject): η παράγραφος
• Accusative (direct object): την παράγραφο

In this sentence, παράγραφο is the thing being explained, so it is a direct object and appears in the accusative case, which for this noun ends in -ο.

That’s why you see μια δύσκολη παράγραφο, not μια δύσκολη παράγραφος.

Why is δύσκολη used here, and why does it end in -η?

δύσκολη is the feminine form of the adjective δύσκολος (“difficult”).

Greek adjectives must agree with the noun in:

• gender (masculine / feminine / neuter)
• number (singular / plural)
• case (nominative / accusative / etc.)

Basic forms of “difficult”:

• Masculine: δύσκολος (e.g. δύσκολος μαθητής)
• Feminine: δύσκολη (e.g. δύσκολη παράγραφος)
• Neuter: δύσκολο (e.g. δύσκολο μάθημα)

Since παράγραφο is feminine, we must use the feminine form of the adjective:

• μια δύσκολη παράγραφο

The -η ending here shows feminine singular.

Does the adjective δύσκολη always come before the noun like in μια δύσκολη παράγραφο?

In Greek, the most common and neutral position for descriptive adjectives with an article is before the noun:

• μια δύσκολη παράγραφο = a difficult paragraph

You can also see:

• η δύσκολη παράγραφος – the difficult paragraph
• η παράγραφος είναι δύσκολη – the paragraph is difficult

Putting the adjective after the noun without a verb, as in μια παράγραφο δύσκολη, is possible but usually sounds more emphatic / marked, like stressing “a paragraph that is difficult (as opposed to others)”. For a simple description, pre-nominal position (δύσκολη παράγραφο) is the natural one.

What does στο μάθημα mean exactly, and what is στο?

στο μάθημα literally is “in the lesson / in the class / during the lesson”.

• σε = in / at / to (a general preposition)
• το = the (neuter singular, accusative)

In everyday Greek, σε + το usually contracts to στο:

• σε το μάθημα → στο μάθημα

So στο μάθημα = σε + το μάθημα, “in the lesson” or idiomatically “in class.”

The noun μάθημα is neuter; here it is also in the accusative, because the preposition σε takes the accusative case in modern Greek.

Why is the word order Η δασκάλα εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στο μάθημα? Can I change it?

The basic, neutral order in Greek is often Subject – Verb – Object – Extra info:

• Η δασκάλα (subject)
• εξηγεί (verb)
• μια δύσκολη παράγραφο (object)
• στο μάθημα (prepositional phrase)

Greek word order is relatively flexible, and you can move parts around to emphasize different elements, for example:

• Μια δύσκολη παράγραφο εξηγεί η δασκάλα στο μάθημα.
  – Emphasis on “a difficult paragraph”.

• Στο μάθημα η δασκάλα εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο.
  – Emphasis on the context “in class”.

All of these can be grammatically correct, but Η δασκάλα εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στο μάθημα is the most straightforward, neutral word order.

Why is there no separate word like “is” (as in “is explaining”) in εξηγεί?

In English, the present continuous uses an auxiliary verb “to be”:

• She *is explaining.*

In Greek, the present tense form εξηγεί itself already expresses “explains / is explaining”. There is no separate auxiliary here:

• Η δασκάλα εξηγεί… = The teacher explains / is explaining…

The verb “to be” (είμαι) is not used to form the present continuous in Greek. You only use είμαι when it is the main meaning of the verb:

• Η δασκάλα είναι κουρασμένη. – The teacher is tired.

Could I say στην τάξη instead of στο μάθημα? What’s the difference?

Yes, you can say both, but they’re not identical in nuance:

• στο μάθημα – literally “in the lesson / in class”, focusing on the lesson/activity itself.
• στην τάξη – “in the classroom / in the class (room)”, focusing more on the physical place or group.

So:

• Η δασκάλα εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στο μάθημα.
  – The teacher explains a difficult paragraph during the lesson.

• Η δασκάλα εξηγεί μια δύσκολη παράγραφο στην τάξη.
  – The teacher explains a difficult paragraph in the classroom / to the class.

Both are natural; choice depends on whether you want to stress the lesson or the classroom / class group.