La borilo kaj la segilo estas sur la tablo.

La is the definite article, meaning the.

So:

• la borilo = the drill
• la segilo = the saw
• la tablo = the table

Esperanto often uses la when talking about specific, identifiable things. It is the same word for all nouns: no changes for gender, number, or case in this sentence.

Also, Esperanto has no indefinite article. So a drill would usually just be borilo, not a separate word like English a or an.

In Esperanto, nouns normally end in -o.

So here:

• borilo = a drill
• segilo = a saw
• tablo = a table

This is one of the most regular parts of Esperanto grammar: if a word ends in -o, it is a noun.

It is not just random; it is built from parts.

• bor- = the idea of drilling or boring
• -il- = a tool or instrument
• -o = noun ending

So borilo literally means a tool for drilling.

This is very typical in Esperanto. Many words are built this way from roots and affixes.

Yes.

• seg- = the idea of cutting or sawing
• -il- = tool/instrument
• -o = noun

So segilo literally means a tool for sawing, which in normal English is a saw.

This is a useful pattern to notice: -il- often creates names of tools.

Kaj means and.

So la borilo kaj la segilo means the drill and the saw.

It joins the two nouns into one compound subject.

Each noun is singular because each one refers to one item:

• one drill
• one saw

Together, they make a plural idea, but the individual nouns do not need plural endings unless you mean more than one of each.

Compare:

• la borilo kaj la segilo = the drill and the saw
• la boriloj kaj la segiloj = the drills and the saws

So the sentence is correct as written if there is one drill and one saw.

Esperanto verbs do not change according to person or number.

So:

• mi estas = I am
• vi estas = you are
• li estas = he is
• ili estas = they are

The verb is always estas in the present tense.

That is why La borilo kaj la segilo estas sur la tablo is correct. Even though the subject is equivalent to they, the verb still stays estas.

Sur means on, in the sense of being on top of a surface.

So:

• sur la tablo = on the table

It shows location.

This is a very common Esperanto question.

• sur la tablo = on the table as a location
• sur la tablon = onto the table or movement toward that position

The -n ending is often used for direction or motion toward a place.

Since this sentence describes where the objects already are, not movement, sur la tablo is the correct form.

Yes. Esperanto word order is fairly flexible.

For example:

• La borilo kaj la segilo estas sur la tablo.
• Sur la tablo estas la borilo kaj la segilo.

Both are grammatical. The second version gives a little more emphasis to the location.

Still, the original order is very natural and straightforward for learners.

Because this is a normal declarative sentence.

Esperanto punctuation is mostly familiar to English speakers here:

• a period for a statement
• a question mark for a question
• an exclamation mark for an exclamation

There is no extra particle needed just to show that it is a statement.

Usually sur tablo would sound less natural if you mean a specific table.

• sur la tablo = on the table, a particular table
• sur tablo = on a table / on table, which is less typical unless you mean something more general or stylistic

Since the English meaning is already understood as the table, sur la tablo is the expected choice.

You would add -j to make the nouns plural:

• La boriloj kaj la segiloj estas sur la tablo.

That means The drills and the saws are on the table.

In Esperanto:

• -o = singular noun
• -oj = plural noun

So borilo becomes boriloj, and segilo becomes segiloj.