Learn Hardcore Dutch: Na elk hoofdstuk schrijft Anna op welke vooruitgang zij heeft gemaakt. - After every chapter Anna writes down which progress she has made.

opschrijven is a separable verb meaning to write down. In main clauses the prefix op detaches and moves to the end, so you get schrijft … op.

Why does schrijft come before Anna? I thought the subject usually precedes the verb.

Dutch main clauses follow the V2 (verb-second) rule. When a phrase like Na elk hoofdstuk is in first position, the finite verb (schrijft) must come second, and the subject (Anna) follows.

What does Na elk hoofdstuk mean, and why is it placed at the beginning?

Na elk hoofdstuk is a time adverbial meaning After each chapter. Placing it first emphasizes the timing and triggers the V2 word order.

Why is welke used before vooruitgang, and could you say wat voor vooruitgang instead?

welke is an interrogative determiner translating to which and agrees with the singular noun vooruitgang. If you want what kind of progress, you use wat voor vooruitgang; wat vooruitgang on its own is not idiomatic.

Why is the perfect tense heeft gemaakt used here instead of the simple past?

The perfect tense (heeft + past participle gemaakt) is commonly used in Dutch to describe completed actions that have relevance to the present. Simple past maakte would shift the narration into a more distant or purely narrative past.

Can zij be replaced by ze in zij heeft gemaakt?

Yes. ze is the unstressed form of the third-person singular pronoun in Dutch and is very common in spoken and informal writing. zij is the stressed/emphatic form, often used for emphasis or in formal contexts.

What kind of noun is vooruitgang, and does it have a plural form?

vooruitgang is an abstract, uncountable noun meaning progress. It normally does not take a plural (vooruitgangen is virtually never used).