Pšeničná mouka a celozrnná mouka patří do chlebového těsta.

Because they are adjectives agreeing with mouka.

• mouka = a feminine singular noun
• Czech adjectives must match the noun in gender, number, and case
• so the feminine singular nominative form is:
  • pšeničný → pšeničná
  • celozrnný → celozrnná

So pšeničná mouka and celozrnná mouka both mean _ flour, with the adjective shaped to match mouka.

Because in the present tense, patřit has the same form in 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural:

• on/ona/ono patří = he/she/it belongs
• oni/ony patří = they belong

So even though Pšeničná mouka a celozrnná mouka is a plural subject, the correct verb form is still patří.

This is normal for this verb and for many other Czech verbs in -í.

Here patří do means something like:

• belongs in
• goes into
• is used in

So this is not about ownership. It means these ingredients are the right or expected components of bread dough.

A useful pattern is:

• X patří do Y = X belongs in Y

For example:

• Cukr patří do koláče. = Sugar belongs in a cake / goes into a cake.

Because the preposition do requires the genitive case.

So:

• dictionary form: chlebové těsto
• after do: do chlebového těsta

Both words change because the adjective must agree with the noun:

• chlebové → chlebového
• těsto → těsta

This is one of the most important Czech patterns to learn:

• do + genitive

It is genitive singular.

The base phrase is:

• chlebové těsto = bread dough

After do, it becomes:

• do chlebového těsta

Breakdown:

• těsto = neuter singular noun
• chlebové = adjective agreeing with těsto
• after do, both move into genitive singular
• so you get chlebového těsta

Yes, very often you can.

A shorter version would be:

• Pšeničná a celozrnná mouka patří do chlebového těsta.

That is perfectly natural, because both adjectives describe the same noun mouka.

Repeating mouka:

• Pšeničná mouka a celozrnná mouka...

makes the sentence a bit more explicit or contrastive, as if you are clearly listing two separate types of flour.

So both are possible; the version with one mouka is often more compact.

Because Czech has no articles.

So Czech simply says:

• mouka
• těsto

and the listener figures out from context whether English would use:

• a flour
• the flour
• just flour

This is very normal in Czech. Learners from English often expect an article, but Czech does not need one.

Not exactly. It is an adjective meaning bread- or for bread.

• chléb = bread
• chlebový = bread-related / bread-type

So:

• chlebové těsto = bread dough

This is different from literally saying dough of bread. Czech often uses an adjective where English might use a noun as a modifier.

Compare:

• chléb = bread
• chlebový nůž = bread knife
• chlebové těsto = bread dough

A rough English-friendly guide is:

• pšeničná ≈ pshe-nich-naa
• mouka ≈ MOH-kah

A few helpful points:

• pš is pronounced together, roughly like psh
• č sounds like ch in church
• ou sounds roughly like oh-oo blended together
• the á is a long vowel

Also, Czech stress normally falls on the first syllable:

• PŠE-ni-čná MOU-ka

patří is roughly:

• PA-trzhee

The hardest sound is ř, which is a special Czech sound. It is often described as something between:

• r
• and zh (like the s in measure)

If you cannot say true ř yet, a reasonable learner approximation is something like:

• rzh
• or even a softened r

So for beginners, an approximate pronunciation is fine. The important thing is to recognize that ř is its own Czech sound.

Also note:

• í marks a long vowel
• it does not mean the stress moves there

So the stress is still at the start: PA-tří.

Not completely. Czech word order is more flexible than English.

The sentence as given is neutral and clear:

• Pšeničná mouka a celozrnná mouka patří do chlebového těsta.

But you could also say:

• Do chlebového těsta patří pšeničná mouka a celozrnná mouka.

That version puts more emphasis on what belongs in bread dough.

So Czech word order often changes for focus or emphasis, not just grammar. The endings still show the relationships between words.