قبل الغداء تضع امي الخبز على المائدة.

A fully vocalized version is:

قَبْلَ الغَدَاءِ تَضَعُ أُمِّي الخُبْزَ عَلَى المَائِدَةِ.

A few notes:

• Learners will often first see it without short vowels: قبل الغداء تضع أمي الخبز على المائدة.
• In careful spelling, أمي is usually written with hamza: أمي, not امي.
• The short vowels show the grammar:
  • قبلَ = adverbial accusative
  • الغداءِ = genitive after قبل
  • تضعُ = present tense, indicative
  • الخبزَ = direct object, accusative
  • المائدةِ = genitive after على

A careful pronunciation is approximately:

qabla al-ghadāʾi taḍaʿu ʾummī al-khubza ʿalā al-māʾidati

A simpler learner-friendly pronunciation without worrying too much about case endings is:

qabla l-ghadā taḍaʿ ummī l-khubz ʿalā l-māʾida

A few sounds to watch:

• ض in تضع is an emphatic d-like sound.
• خ in الخبز is like the ch in Scottish loch or German Bach.
• ع in على is a deep throat sound with no exact English equivalent.
• ء in الغداء and المائدة is a glottal stop.

Because تضع is the 3rd person feminine singular form of the present tense: she puts.

The subject is أمي = my mother, which is feminine singular, so the verb must agree with it.

From the verb وضع (to put/place), the present-tense forms include:

• يضع = he puts
• تضع = she puts
• أضع = I put
• نضع = we put

So تضع أمي means my mother puts.

Because Arabic verbs already include subject information.

In تضع, the verb itself tells you the subject is she or you masculine singular, depending on context. Since أمي follows it, the meaning is clearly she / my mother puts.

So Arabic does not need a separate pronoun here. Saying a separate pronoun would usually add emphasis:

• تضع أمي الخبز = My mother puts the bread
• هي تضع الخبز = She puts the bread
• هي تضع أمي... would generally sound unnatural here, because أمي is already the subject.

Because verb-subject-object order is very common in MSA.

So:

• تضع أمي الخبز = literally puts my mother the bread

This is normal Arabic word order.

You can also say:

• أمي تضع الخبز على المائدة = My mother puts the bread on the table

That is also correct, but it is more subject-initial. Very roughly:

• تضع أمي... feels more narrative or neutral in formal Arabic.
• أمي تضع... puts a little more focus on my mother.

Both are grammatical.

قبل الغداء means before lunch and functions as a time expression.

Breakdown:

• قبل = before
• الغداء = the lunch / lunch

In grammar terms, قبل is often treated as a noun/adverb of time, and the word after it is in the genitive:

• قبلَ الغداءِ

So this phrase tells you when the action happens: before lunch.

Because it comes after قبل in this structure.

In Arabic, words such as قبل and بعد often take a following noun in the genitive:

• قبلَ الغداءِ = before lunch
• بعدَ الدرسِ = after the lesson

So the full form is:

• الغداءِ with a kasra in careful vocalization.

The ـي at the end is the possessive suffix meaning my.

So:

• أم = mother
• أمي = my mother

This is a very common Arabic pattern:

• أبي = my father
• أخي = my brother
• كتابي = my book

Also, in standard spelling, the word is usually written أمي, with hamza on the alif.

Because Arabic often uses the definite article in places where English may use a bare noun.

So الخبز can mean:

• the bread in a specific situation, or
• simply bread as the understood food item in context.

In English, we often say bread without the, but Arabic commonly says الخبز.

Compare:

• تضع أمي الخبز على المائدة = My mother puts the bread / bread on the table
• تضع أمي خبزًا على المائدة = My mother puts some bread / a bread item on the table

The definite form sounds very natural here.

على means on.

المائدة means the table, especially a dining table or table set for food.

So:

• على المائدة = on the table

This is a good choice in a food context. Another common word is الطاولة, which also means table. Very roughly:

• مائدة often sounds a bit more formal or specifically connected with dining.
• طاولة is a more general word for a table.

Also remember: after a preposition like على, the following noun is genitive:

• على المائدةِ

In careful MSA, the sentence is:

قَبْلَ الغَدَاءِ تَضَعُ أُمِّي الخُبْزَ عَلَى المَائِدَةِ.

Here is the grammar:

• قبلَ
  Adverbial accusative of time (before)

• الغداءِ
  Genitive, because it follows قبل

• تضعُ
  Present tense, indicative, so it ends in -u in full vocalization

• أمي
  Subject of the verb. It is nominative in function, but with the my suffix the case ending is not pronounced separately in the usual way

• الخبزَ
  Direct object, so accusative

• على المائدةِ
  المائدة is genitive because it follows the preposition على

This is a very useful sentence for seeing how Arabic marks grammatical roles.

Yes. Arabic is flexible, and several versions are possible.

For example:

• قبل الغداء تضع أمي الخبز على المائدة.
• تضع أمي الخبز على المائدة قبل الغداء.
• أمي تضع الخبز على المائدة قبل الغداء.

All of these are grammatical.

The differences are mostly about focus and style:

• Starting with قبل الغداء highlights the time.
• Starting with تضع gives a more classic formal Arabic flow.
• Starting with أمي gives more emphasis to the subject.

So the original sentence is natural, but not the only possible order.