أنتظر دقيقة فقط، ثم أذهب إلى العمل.

A fully vowelled version is:

أَنْتَظِرُ دَقِيقَةً فَقَطْ، ثُمَّ أَذْهَبُ إِلَى الْعَمَلِ.

A rough pronunciation is:

ʾantaziru daqīqatan faqaṭ, thumma ʾadhhabu ilā al-ʿamali

A few sounds to notice:

• ظ in أنتظر is a heavy/emphatic ẓ sound.
• ث in ثم is like th in think.
• ذ in أذهب is like th in this.
• ع in العمل is a deep Arabic consonant with no exact English equivalent.

No. This is a very common beginner confusion.

• أنت by itself is the pronoun you (masculine singular).
• أنتظر is a single verb meaning I wait or I am waiting.

They just happen to begin with the same letters. In أنتظر, the initial أ is part of the verb form and marks I in the present tense.

Because Arabic usually does not need an explicit subject pronoun when the verb already shows who is doing the action.

• أنتظر = I wait
• أذهب = I go

The prefix أ- on the present-tense verb tells you the subject is I.

You can add أنا for emphasis:

أنا أنتظر دقيقة فقط، ثم أذهب إلى العمل.

But without emphasis, leaving أنا out is more normal.

Yes. أنتظر is the present tense of انتظر and means I wait / I am waiting.

It is historically related to the root ن ظ ر, which is associated with looking or considering, but in this verb form the meaning is specifically to wait.

So for a learner, the important thing is simply:

• انتظر = to wait
• أنتظر = I wait
• ينتظر = he waits

Arabic often uses a bare time expression after the verb where English uses for.

So:

• أنتظر دقيقةً = I wait a minute / I wait for a minute

You do not need a preposition here.

You could also say something more explicit like لمدة دقيقة (for a duration of one minute), but that is heavier and less natural in a simple sentence like this.

Because فقط means only / just, and in Arabic it often comes after the word or phrase it limits.

So:

• دقيقة فقط = only a minute / just a minute

This placement makes it clear that only applies to a minute, not to the whole sentence.

ثم means then / after that and shows sequence.

In this sentence:

• أنتظر دقيقة فقط، ثم أذهب إلى العمل.
• I wait just a minute, then I go to work.

Compared with other connectors:

• و = and
  This simply joins two actions.
• فـ = so / then / and then with a stronger sense of immediacy or direct result.
• ثم = then / after that, often suggesting the next step comes later or in sequence.

So ثم is a good choice when you want to say one action happens, and afterward the next one happens.

In Arabic, the present tense can cover all of these depending on context.

So أنتظر and أذهب can mean things like:

• I wait / I am waiting
• I usually wait / I go
• I will wait / then I will go

In this sentence, the sequence suggests a present or near-future meaning such as I’ll wait just a minute, then I’ll go to work.

If you want to make the future extra clear, you can say:

سأنتظر دقيقةً فقط، ثم سأذهب إلى العمل.

Because ذهب إلى is the normal pattern for go to a place or destination.

So:

• أذهب إلى العمل = I go to work
• أذهب إلى البيت = I go home / to the house
• أذهب إلى المدرسة = I go to school

The preposition إلى means to.

Yes, this is a useful question.

إلى العمل literally means to the work, but idiomatically it means to work or to the workplace/job.

Other options are possible, with slightly different nuances:

• إلى العمل = to work in a general sense
• إلى عملي = to my work / to my job; more personal and specific
• إلى عمل sounds incomplete or less natural in this context

So إلى العمل is a normal, natural MSA expression.

Yes, but the meaning shifts a little.

• أذهب إلى العمل = I go to work
  This focuses on the destination.
• أذهب للعمل = I go in order to work / I go for work
  This can focus more on purpose.

In many everyday contexts the two may sound similar, but إلى العمل is the more direct match for go to work.

In the fully vowelled form:

أَنْتَظِرُ دَقِيقَةً فَقَطْ، ثُمَّ أَذْهَبُ إِلَى الْعَمَلِ.

the endings show normal MSA grammar:

• أنتظرُ ends in -u because it is a present-tense verb in the indicative mood.
• دقيقةً ends in -an because it is in the accusative, functioning as a time expression/object.
• أذهبُ also ends in -u for the same reason as أنتظرُ.
• العملِ ends in -i because it comes after the preposition إلى, so it is in the genitive.

In ordinary unvowelled writing, these endings are usually not written.

It is grammatical and understandable in MSA.

A native speaker could certainly say it this way, especially in formal or written Arabic. But depending on context, they might choose a slightly different version:

• سأنتظر دقيقةً فقط، ثم سأذهب إلى العمل.
  if they want the future meaning to be very explicit
• أنتظر دقيقةً فقط ثم أذهب إلى العمل.
  same meaning, just without the comma in writing
• سأنتظر دقيقةً فقط، ثم أذهب إلى العمل.
  also possible, with the future made clear mainly in the first clause

So the sentence you have is good MSA; other versions are just stylistic or contextual variations.