يقدم صديقي هدية على الطاولة.

A careful MSA pronunciation would be:

yuqaddimu ṣadīqī hadiyyatan ʿalā aṭ-ṭāwilati

In Arabic script with vowels, that is:

يُقَدِّمُ صَديقِي هَدِيَّةً عَلَى الطَّاوِلَةِ

A few helpful notes:

• يُقَدِّمُ has a doubled d sound because of the shadda: -dd-
• الطاولة is pronounced aṭ-ṭāwila, not al-ṭāwila, because ط is a sun letter, so the l of ال assimilates
• هدية is pronounced hadiyya, with a doubled y sound

Here يقدم means presents, offers, or gives.

It is the imperfect (non-past) form of the verb قدّم. In context, it can mean:

• he presents
• he is presenting
• sometimes he offers

So Arabic يقدم does not map to just one single English tense. Context tells you whether it is habitual, happening now, or more general.

Because verb-first word order is very common in Arabic.

This sentence follows a normal Arabic pattern:

• verb: يقدم
• subject: صديقي
• object: هدية

So the structure is:

يقدم صديقي هدية
= presents my friend a gift
which in natural English becomes My friend presents a gift

Arabic can also use subject-first order:

صديقي يقدم هدية

That is also correct, but it puts a bit more focus on my friend.

صديقي is made of:

• صديق = friend
• ـي = my

So:

صديق + ي = صديقي
= my friend

Arabic often shows possession by attaching a pronoun directly to the noun, instead of using a separate word like English my.

Other examples:

• كتابي = my book
• بيتي = my house
• أخي = my brother

Because Arabic has no indefinite article.

English distinguishes:

• a gift
• the gift

Arabic does this differently:

• هدية = a gift / gift (indefinite)
• الهدية = the gift (definite)

So in this sentence, هدية is indefinite simply because it does not have الـ.

Because الـ is the Arabic definite article, meaning the.

So:

• طاولة = a table
• الطاولة = the table

In the sentence, على الطاولة means on the table.

They break down like this:

• يقدم = the verb
• صديقي = the subject (my friend)
• هدية = the direct object (a gift)
• على الطاولة = a prepositional phrase (on the table)

So the core meaning is:

[verb] + [subject] + [object] + [location phrase]

In full grammatical Arabic:

• يُقَدِّمُ = verb
• صَديقِي = subject, so it is nominative
• هَدِيَّةً = direct object, so it is accusative
• عَلَى الطَّاوِلَةِ = after a preposition, so الطاولةِ is genitive

Important detail: with صديقي, the nominative ending is not clearly visible in the usual written form because of the attached ـي (my). So learners often do not see the case ending there as neatly as they do with other nouns.

Because in fully vowelled Arabic, an indefinite direct object takes tanwīn fatḥ:

• هدية in normal unvowelled writing
• هديةً in fully vocalized writing

That ً marks the noun as:

• indefinite
• accusative

In everyday Arabic texts, short vowels and case endings are usually omitted, so you will normally just see هدية.

It gives a location: on the table.

In practice, it can be understood as describing the setting of the action, or the location of the gift. So the sentence can feel a little broad in English:

• my friend presents a gift on the table
• my friend presents a gift that is on the table

Usually, context tells you which is meant.

If you want to be more explicit in Arabic, you can rephrase. For example:

• يقدم صديقي هديةً موجودةً على الطاولة
  = My friend presents a gift that is on the table

Because على means on, while في means in.

So:

• على الطاولة = on the table
• في الطاولة = in the table, which would usually not make sense here

If the gift were inside a box, for example, you would use في:

• في الصندوق = in the box

The Arabic imperfect can cover several ideas, depending on context:

• present/habitual: My friend presents/offers a gift
• present continuous: My friend is presenting a gift
• sometimes even near future, if the context supports it

If you want a clear future meaning, Arabic often adds:

• سـ
• سوف

For example:

• سيقدم صديقي هدية = My friend will present a gift

Yes, it is grammatical and understandable.

That said, يقدم هدية often sounds most natural when the recipient is also mentioned, such as:

• يقدم صديقي هديةً لأخته = My friend presents a gift to his sister

In your sentence, the focus seems to be on the act and the location على الطاولة, so it still works. It just depends on what the speaker wants to highlight.