الجمعة صاحبة اختي عزمتنا نشرب قهوة بعد الدوام.

Yes. Here الجمعة means Friday, and in Levantine Arabic a time word can often appear by itself at the start of the sentence to mean on Friday.

So:

• الجمعة = Friday / on Friday
• يوم الجمعة = on Friday (more explicit)

Putting it first sets the scene: Friday, my sister’s friend invited us...

Because Arabic uses the iḍāfa construction, often called the construct state.

So:

• صاحبة = female friend / companion
• أختي / اختي = my sister

Together, صاحبة أختي means my sister’s friend literally by placing the two nouns next to each other. Arabic does not need a separate word for of here.

Yes, صاحبة and صديقة can both mean female friend, but they feel a bit different.

• صاحبة is very common in everyday speech in the Levant.
• صديقة is also correct, but can sound a bit more formal or Standard-Arabic-like depending on context.

So صاحبة أختي is a very natural colloquial way to say my sister’s friend.

In Levantine, a feminine noun ending in ـة often changes its pronunciation depending on position.

For example:

• alone: صاحبة is often pronounced something like ṣāḥbe
• before another noun in iḍāfa: صاحبة أختي is often pronounced ṣāḥbet ekhti

So even though it is written صاحبة, the sound before أختي is often closer to -et.

In more careful spelling, yes, it would usually be أختي.

But in informal Arabic writing, especially dialect writing, people often drop hamzas. So:

• أختي = more standard spelling
• اختي = very common informal spelling

They mean the same thing: my sister.

عزمتنا means she invited us.

It breaks down like this:

• عزمت = she invited
• نا = us

So عزمتنا = she invited us

In Levantine, عزم can also sometimes carry the idea of treating someone or paying for them, depending on context. But here the basic sense is simply invited us.

Because the subject is صاحبة أختي, and صاحبة is feminine.

So the verb agrees with that feminine singular subject:

• عزمنا = he invited us
• عزمتنا = she invited us

Since the friend is female, the sentence uses the feminine form.

Yes, literally it looks like that, but in Levantine this is a normal colloquial structure.

عزمتنا نشرب قهوة means:

• she invited us to drink coffee

Arabic often uses the imperfect verb directly after another verb without needing a separate word like to.

So:

• نشرب = we drink / to drink, depending on context

Here it functions like to drink in English.

Because نشرب قهوة means drink coffee in a general sense.

Compare:

• نشرب قهوة = drink coffee
• نشرب القهوة = drink the coffee

The definite form القهوة would usually refer to a specific coffee already known in the conversation. The indefinite قهوة is the natural choice for have some coffee / drink coffee.

بعد الدوام means after work or after working hours.

الدوام in Levantine commonly refers to:

• work hours
• school hours
• the daily shift or schedule

So depending on context, it can mean:

• after work
• after the workday
• after classes / after school hours

In this sentence, after work is the most natural reading.

Yes, it is natural. Starting with الجمعة is a common way to put the time first.

Other natural variants could be:

• يوم الجمعة صاحبة أختي عزمتنا نشرب قهوة بعد الدوام
• صاحبة أختي عزمتنا نشرب قهوة بعد الدوام الجمعة

But the original sentence is perfectly normal. Putting الجمعة first just highlights the time.

One common Levantine-style pronunciation would be something like:

il-jumʿa ṣāḥbet ekhti ʿazmitna nishrab ʔahwe baʿd id-dawām

A few notes:

• الجمعة → often il-jumʿa
• صاحبة أختي → often ṣāḥbet ekhti
• قهوة → often ʔahwe or ahwe
• الدوام → the l of ال assimilates to d, so it sounds like id-dawām

Exact pronunciation varies by country and city, but this gives you a good Levantine feel for the sentence.