Learn French: Où est mon emploi du temps pour le mois ? - Where is my schedule for the month?

Even though a schedule deals with time, you are asking where the physical document or app is located. Où means "where". If you were asking when an event on the schedule actually takes place, you would use quand.

How does emploi du temps translate to "schedule"?

Word for word, it means "use of the time." Un emploi is a use (or an employment), and du temps means "of the time." This is the most common French phrase for a daily or weekly timetable.

Why is it mon emploi instead of ma emploi?

Emploi is a masculine noun, so you use the masculine word for "my", which is mon. Also, because emploi starts with a vowel, you would use mon anyway to make pronunciation smoother, just like you have to do with feminine words that start with a vowel.

Does the "s" at the end of mois mean we are talking about multiple months?

No, the singular word for "month" (un mois) naturally has a silent "s" at the end. You can tell it is singular in this sentence because it uses le (the singular "the"). For multiple months, it becomes les mois, and the spelling of mois stays exactly the same.