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### Where French says *the*, English says *my*

With parts of the body French normally uses the **definite** article, not a possessive — the owner is already obvious from the verb.

| French | literally | English |
|---|---|---|
| J'ai mal **au** ventre. | I have pain *at the* belly | My stomach hurts. |
| Il s'est fait mal **au** genou. | he made himself pain *at the* knee | He hurt his knee. |

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Saying *mon ventre* is not wrong, but it sounds like you are pointing the belly out as an object rather than reporting how you feel.

### Two plurals that are not regular

**le genou** takes **-x**, not -s — it joins the small family you met at L80.

| singular | plural |
|---|---|
| le genou | les genou**x** |
| le bras | les bras (already ends in -s, so nothing changes) |

**le bras** is invariable: *un bras*, *deux bras*, spelled identically.

### mince, brun, laid

All three take a plain **-e** in the feminine, and **brun** doubles nothing:

| masculine | feminine |
|---|---|
| mince | mince (already ends in -e) |
| brun | brun**e** |
| laid | laid**e** |

**mince** is the polite word for a slim person. It also describes a thin object — a thin book, a thin slice — where English would not say *slim*.

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The body and appearance

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and elision (le, la, l')

Indefinite articles (un, une)

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Question	Answer
the body	le corps
Sport is good for the body.	Le sport est bon pour le corps.
After the match, his whole body was tired.	Après le match, tout son corps était fatigué.
the arm	le bras
He carries the child in his arms.	Il porte l'enfant dans ses bras.
My arm has hurt since yesterday.	J'ai mal au bras depuis hier.
the shoulder (f)	l'épaule
The child is sleeping on my shoulder.	L'enfant dort sur mon épaule.
He carries the bag on his shoulder.	Il porte le sac sur son épaule.
the knee	le genou
I hurt my knee.	Je me suis fait mal au genou.
Her knee has hurt since the match.	Elle a mal au genou depuis le match.
the elbow	le coude
He fell on his elbow.	Il est tombé sur le coude.
My elbow is touching the table.	Mon coude touche la table.
the neck	le cou
My neck hurts this morning.	J'ai mal au cou ce matin.
the cheek	la joue
He put his hand on his cheek.	Il a mis sa main sur sa joue.
The child has red cheeks.	L'enfant a les joues rouges.
the belly, the stomach	le ventre
My stomach hurts after the meal.	J'ai mal au ventre après le repas.
The dog sleeps on its belly.	Le chien dort sur le ventre.
the blood	le sang
The doctor looked at his blood.	Le médecin a regardé son sang.
There is blood on his shirt.	Il y a du sang sur sa chemise.
thin, slim	mince
Her neck is long and slim.	Son cou est long et mince.
She is tall and slim.	Elle est grande et mince.
brown, dark-haired	brun
She has brown hair.	Elle a les cheveux bruns.
Her dog is brown.	Son chien est brun.
ugly	laid
This hat is really ugly.	Ce chapeau est vraiment laid.
The old building is ugly.	Le vieux bâtiment est laid.
the mouth	la bouche
Open your mouth, please.	Ouvre la bouche, s'il te plaît.
He ate with his mouth full.	Il a mangé la bouche pleine.
left; clumsy, awkward	gauche
My left hand is stronger.	Ma main gauche est plus forte.
He is a little awkward in front of people.	Il est un peu gauche devant les gens.
injured, hurt	blessé
His injured arm hurts him.	Son bras blessé lui fait mal.
Two passengers were injured.	Deux passagers ont été blessés.
to grow up	grandir
Children grow up too fast.	Les enfants grandissent trop vite.
I grew up in a small town.	J'ai grandi dans une petite ville.

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