Learn Finnish: Pöydälle jätetty vuoka ei mennyt rikki. - The baking dish left on the table did not break.

Mennä rikki (literally "to go broken") is a highly common idiom for physical objects breaking. While single verbs like rikkoutua exist, everyday Finnish constantly uses mennä plus an adverb of state (like rikki, pilalle, or lukkoon) to express a change in condition. You conjugate mennä normally (here as the negative past ei mennyt) and leave the adverb as is.

Why is the table in the allative case (pöydälle, onto the table) rather than the adessive (pöydällä, on the table) if the dish was just sitting there?

This is a strict rule triggered by the verb jättää (to leave). In Finnish, leaving is viewed as a directional action—you don't leave something at a location, you leave it to a destination. Therefore, jättää always requires a directional case like the allative (-lle) or illative (-Vn).

How does the word jätetty function in this sentence?

Jätetty is the passive past participle of jättää ("left"). Here, it acts as an adjective modifying vuoka (baking dish). Instead of using a relative clause like vuoka, joka jätettiin pöydälle (the dish that was left on the table), advanced Finnish often packages the information into this tighter participle phrase: pöydälle jätetty vuoka (literally "the onto-the-table-left dish").

If the subject were plural ("The baking dishes..."), would change its form to match?