Breakdown of Kaikki hänen teoriansa ovat pelkkää huuhaata ja hölynpölyä.
olla
to be
hän
he / she
ja
and
kaikki
all, everything, everyone
Questions & Answers about Kaikki hänen teoriansa ovat pelkkää huuhaata ja hölynpölyä.
Why is the predicative in the partitive case (pelkkää huuhaata ja hölynpölyä) instead of the nominative plural to match teoriansa?
The nouns huuhaa (pseudoscience) and hölynpöly (nonsense) are uncountable abstract concepts. When a predicative complement (the part after the verb 'to be') is an uncountable noun, it takes the partitive case. The adjective pelkkä (mere) simply agrees with them.
How do we know teoriansa is plural here?
The plural verb ovat and the pronoun kaikki tell us it is plural. When you attach a possessive suffix like -nsa to a nominative plural noun (teoriat), the plural -t is dropped. This makes the singular and plural forms look exactly the same (teoriansa), so you have to rely on context.
Since this lesson is about muka, where would we add it if we wanted to say his theories are 'supposedly' nonsense?
You would typically place it right after the verb: ...ovat muka pelkkää... This means someone else is claiming they are nonsense, but the speaker is casting doubt on that claim. You could also attach it to the noun: ...hänen muka-teoriansa... (his so-called theories).
What is the literal meaning of the word hölynpölyä?
It is an expressive compound word. The base word pöly means 'dust', and hölyn comes from a descriptive root for meaningless babble. Together, it paints a picture of 'babble-dust', which perfectly captures the meaning of pure, empty nonsense.