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Finnish

### Expressing "There is" (Existential Clauses)

To say that someone or something exists in a particular place (like "There is a man in the sauna" or "There is a bird on the roof"), Finnish uses a specific sentence structure called an **existential clause**.

Instead of using a dummy word like the English "there", Finnish simply starts the sentence with the location. The formula is:
**Location + on + Subject**

The location will be in a location case, such as the inessive (**-ssa / -ssä** for "in"). The verb is the 3rd person singular **on** (is), followed by the thing that exists there (the subject).

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### Using the Adessive Case for "On"

The same structure applies when the location is an open space or a surface. In this case, you simply start the sentence with the adessive case (**-lla / -llä** for "on" or "at").

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### Asking Questions: "Is there...?"

To ask if something is in a location, we move the verb to the beginning of the sentence and attach the question particle **-ko / -kö**.

Because the verb in these sentences is always **on**, the question will start with **Onko** (Is there...?). The location comes immediately after the verb:
**Onko + Location + Subject?**

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### Multiple Subjects in Existential Clauses

If you are listing multiple things that exist in a location using **ja** (and), the verb remains the singular **on**. In existential clauses, you do not need to change the verb to the plural form even if there are several subjects.

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There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
room	huone
There is a big sofa in the room.	Huoneessa on iso sohva.
Is there a cat in the room?	Onko huoneessa kissa?
There is a man in the sauna.	Saunassa on mies.
There is a boy in the park, but he is sleeping.	Puistossa on poika, mutta hän nukkuu.
bird	lintu
There is a bird on the roof.	Katolla on lintu.
There is a beautiful bird in the tree.	Puussa on kaunis lintu.
child	lapsi
There is a child in the yard.	Pihalla on lapsi.
There is a new teacher at the school.	Koulussa on uusi opettaja.
glass	lasi
There is a new glass on the table.	Pöydällä on uusi lasi.
Is there a glass in the box?	Onko laatikossa lasi?
problem	ongelma
There is a big problem here.	Täällä on iso ongelma.
Is there a problem in the city?	Onko kaupungissa ongelma?
fridge	jääkaappi
There is a fridge in the cabin.	Tuvassa on jääkaappi.
There is a loaf of bread in the fridge.	Jääkaapissa on leipä.
library	kirjasto
There is a woman in the library.	Kirjastossa on nainen.
Is there a good book in the library?	Onko kirjastossa hyvä kirja?
There is a bag and a backpack in the car.	Autossa on laukku ja reppu.
restaurant	ravintola
There is an expensive restaurant on the street.	Kadulla on kallis ravintola.
beach	ranta
There is a dog on the beach.	Rannalla on koira.
There is a happy girl on the beach.	Rannalla on iloinen tyttö.
human	ihminen
There is a child and a young person in the restaurant.	Ravintolassa on lapsi ja nuori ihminen.
There is an old person in the park.	Puistossa on vanha ihminen.