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Finnish

### Expressing "To Have" (Possession)

Finnish does not have a verb for "to have". Instead, express possession with a structure that literally translates to "on someone is".

**Owner + on + Item**

The owner takes the adessive case (**-lla / -llä**). For pronouns, this creates forms like **minulla** (I have / on me is), **sinulla** (you have), **hänellä** (he/she has), **meillä** (we have), **teillä** (you plural/formal have), and **heillä** (they have).

The verb remains singular (**on**) even when listing multiple items.

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### Nouns as Owners

The same structure applies when the owner is a noun. Simply attach the adessive ending **-lla / -llä**.

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### Asking Questions: "Do you have...?"

To ask if someone has something, start the sentence with **Onko** followed by the owner.

**Onko + Owner + Item?**

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Possession (minulla on)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
brother	veli
sister	sisko
I have a brother and a sister.	Minulla on veli ja sisko.
Do you have a brother?	Onko sinulla veli?
bike	pyörä
The girl has a new bike.	Tytöllä on uusi pyörä.
Do you have a car?	Onko teillä auto?
idea	idea
The teacher has a good idea.	Opettajalla on hyvä idea.
pen	kynä
computer	tietokone
Does the student have a pen and a computer?	Onko opiskelijalla kynä ja tietokone?
I have a pen in my pocket.	Minulla on kynä taskussa.
phone	puhelin
The doctor has an expensive phone.	Lääkärillä on kallis puhelin.
They have a computer at home.	Heillä on tietokone kotona.
Do you have a problem?	Onko sinulla ongelma?
ticket	lippu
key	avain
The man has a ticket and a key.	Miehellä on lippu ja avain.
Does the teacher have a key?	Onko opettajalla avain?
I have a ticket, but the train is over there.	Minulla on lippu, mutta juna on tuolla.
watch / clock (the time)	kello
He has an old watch.	Hänellä on vanha kello.
We have a big dog and a small cat.	Meillä on iso koira ja pieni kissa.
Does she have a sister?	Onko hänellä sisko?
He has a bike and a watch.	Hänellä on pyörä ja kello.
I have a good idea and a new phone.	Minulla on hyvä idea ja uusi puhelin.