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Finnish

### Adjective Agreement

In Finnish, adjectives are team players: they must match the noun they describe in both case and number. This is called **adjective agreement**.

If your object is in the partitive case—for example, because it is a mass noun like water or coffee, or because the sentence is negative—any adjective describing that object must also take a partitive ending.

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### Adjectives Ending in a Vowel

For most adjectives that end in a basic vowel, forming the partitive is just like forming it for nouns: simply add **-a** or **-ä** (following vowel harmony rules).

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### Adjectives Ending in *-nen*

Many common Finnish adjectives end in **-nen**, including several colors. To make these partitive, drop the **-nen** and add **-ista** (or **-istä**).

For example, *punainen* (red) becomes *punaista*, and *valkoinen* (white) becomes *valkoista*.

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### Adjectives Ending in *-e* or a Consonant

Adjectives ending in **-e** behave a little differently. To form the partitive, you add **-tta** or **-ttä**. For example, *tuore* (fresh) becomes *tuoretta*.

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If an adjective ends in a consonant, such as **-s**, you add **-ta** or **-tä**. For example, *puhdas* (clean) becomes *puhdasta*.

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Adjective agreement

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
cold	kylmä
I often drink cold water.	Juon usein kylmää vettä.
I do not buy cold coffee.	En osta kylmää kahvia.
hot	kuuma
Do you drink hot tea?	Juotko kuumaa teetä?
He sells hot soup over there.	Hän myy tuolla kuumaa keittoa.
strong	vahva
I only drink strong coffee.	Juon vain vahvaa kahvia.
The man does not drink strong wine.	Mies ei juo vahvaa viiniä.
sweet	makea
The child is eating sweet chocolate.	Lapsi syö makeaa suklaata.
I do not eat sweet ice cream.	En syö makeaa jäätelöä.
green	vihreä
We are drinking green tea today.	Juomme tänään vihreää teetä.
I am looking for a green shirt.	Etsin vihreää paitaa.
red	punainen
I love red wine!	Rakastan punaista viiniä!
Are you buying red meat?	Ostatko punaista lihaa?
white	valkoinen
The dog eats white fish.	Koira syö valkoista kalaa.
I am looking for a white sock.	Etsin valkoista sukkaa.
fresh	tuore
I am baking fresh bread today.	Leivon tänään tuoretta leipää.
Are you bringing fresh fish?	Tuotko tuoretta kalaa?
clean	puhdas
The boy drinks clean water.	Poika juo puhdasta vettä.
I am looking for a clean bag.	Etsin puhdasta laukkua.
delicious	herkullinen
We eat delicious food in the restaurant.	Syömme ravintolassa herkullista ruokaa.
Does he sell delicious cheese?	Myykö hän herkullista juustoa?
other, another; second	toinen
The other book is new.	Toinen kirja on uusi.
The other girl is singing.	Toinen tyttö laulaa.
other, else	muu
The other food is cold.	Muu ruoka on kylmä.
The others are sleeping.	Muut nukkuvat.
same	sama
We are in the same class.	Me olemme samassa luokassa.
This is the same cup.	Tämä on sama kuppi.
so	niin
The house is so big.	Talo on niin iso.
The food is so delicious.	Ruoka on niin herkullista.
black	musta
large, great	suuri
I am looking for a large bag.	Etsin suurta laukkua.
The house is so large.	Talo on niin suuri.
I drink only black coffee.	Juon vain mustaa kahvia.
I am looking for a black sock.	Etsin mustaa sukkaa.
dirty	likainen
I am not buying a dirty shirt.	En osta likaista paitaa.
The boy does not drink dirty water.	Poika ei juo likaista vettä.

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