Learn Farsi: این گونه‌ی درشت و شکاری یک دم بلند و سفید دارد. - This large and predatory species has a long and white tail.

This is the core of linking parallel modifiers. When a noun has two or more adjectives describing it equally, we attach the Ezafe to the head noun (گونه‌) and use و (usually pronounced as 'o') to connect the adjectives (درشت و شکاری). If you put an Ezafe after درشت instead of و, you would create an unnatural chain where 'predatory' modifies 'large' rather than 'species'.

Does the phrase یک دم بلند و سفید follow this exact same rule?

Yes! The head noun دم (tail) takes the unseen Ezafe (pronounced 'dom-e') to link to the first adjective, بلند (long). Then the conjunction و links بلند to the second adjective, سفید (white). Just like the first part of the sentence, there is no Ezafe on the first adjective because they are parallel descriptors of the tail.

Why is the Ezafe on گونه written with a ی?

The word گونه ends in a silent 'heh' (ه) that produces an 'e' sound. When adding an Ezafe to words ending in this silent letter or long vowels like 'a' or 'u', the Ezafe is pronounced 'ye'. In writing, this is shown by adding a standalone ی (so it becomes گونه‌ی), though you will sometimes see it written with a small hamza over the 'heh'.

Could I use بزرگ instead of درشت here to mean large?

You could, but is a very natural choice here. While is a generic word for big or large, emphasizes physical bulk, heft, or thickness. It is frequently used for physical characteristics of animals, like large features or a hefty build.