Learn Farsi: من نوشتار این گزارش را خواندم.

It is built from the past stem of the verb to write, nevesht, plus the suffix -âr. This suffix turns an action into the tangible result or physical manifestation of that action. So while neveshtan is the act of writing, neveshtâr is the physical piece of writing or text itself.

Why is the object marker râ all the way after gozâresh instead of right after neveshtâr?

The word râ marks the entire specific direct object. Here, the direct object is not just the writing, but the entire noun phrase neveshtâr-e in gozâresh (the writing of this report). Because the hidden Ezafe vowel links these words into a single connected unit, râ must wait until the very end of the phrase.

Is neveshtâr the most common word for text or writing in everyday Farsi?

It is well understood but leans slightly formal or literary. In everyday conversation, you would very often hear the Arabic loanword matn used for the text of a report or article. However, using neveshtâr is a great way to elevate your Farsi and utilize native Persian roots.

Just to be sure, how do we distinguish the past stem khând used here from its present stem?

The past stem khând ends in a d-sound, which is typical for regular Farsi past stems. To get the present stem, you remove that ending, leaving khân. So khândam means I read in the past tense, whereas would be I am reading in the present tense.