Question 1

How does nesbat be work here to make a comparison, and could we just use az instead?

Accepted Answer

In formal and analytical writing, nesbat be (relative to / compared to) is often used instead of just az (than) to sound more objective or professional. You could technically say az gozashteh bishtar ast, but nesbat be gozashteh emphasizes the statistical comparison (relative to the past) and fits the academic tone better.

Question 2

Why is the verb kahesh mi-yabad used here instead of a simpler verb like kam mi-shavad?

Accepted Answer

Kahesh yaftan (to decrease) is a formal compound verb commonly used in news, economics, and analytical texts. At the B2 level, you will often see yaftan (to find) replacing shodan or kardan to elevate the register of a sentence. Its direct opposite is afzayesh yaftan (to increase).

Question 3

How does the word saraneh mean 'per capita' in the phrase daramad-e saraneh?

Accepted Answer

The word saraneh is built from the noun sar (head) and the suffix -aneh, which turns nouns into adjectives or adverbs relating to that noun. So, saraneh literally translates to 'per head', which is the exact same concept as the Latin 'per capita'.

Question 4

Does dar hali ke at the start of the sentence indicate time or contrast?

Accepted Answer

Here it indicates contrast, highlighting the opposing trends of decreasing income and increasing population. However, dar hali ke is a versatile phrase that can be used for both simultaneous actions (timing) and contrasting ideas, exactly like the English word 'while'.

در حالی که درآمد سرانه کاهش می‌یابد، تراکم جمعیت نسبت به گذشته بیشتر است.

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