Question 1

Like the official stipulations in this lesson, why does this sentence end with the formal subjunctive کند?

Accepted Answer

Just as with formal rulings, the conjunction بدون اینکه (bedūn-e inke, meaning "without") always triggers the subjunctive because it describes an action that did not actually happen. You'll also notice it uses the formal written form کند (konad) rather than the colloquial کنه (kone), which perfectly matches the official, journalistic tone of an athlete's suspension.

Question 2

Why does the sentence use بدون اینکه instead of just بدون?

Accepted Answer

In Farsi, بدون (bedūn-e) is a preposition that must be followed directly by a noun or pronoun (e.g., "without a lawyer"). When you want to say "without doing something"—which requires a full clause with a conjugated verb—you must use بدون اینکه (literally "without this that") to bridge the main sentence and the subjunctive clause.

Question 3

How does the phrase تقاضای تجدیدنظر break down literally?

Accepted Answer

It translates to "request of renewal of view." تقاضا (taqāzā) means "request," linked by the Ezāfe (-y) to تجدیدنظر (tajdid-e nazar). This second part is a common formal compound noun made of تجدید (renewal or revision) and نظر (view or opinion). In official and legal contexts, it is the standard term for an "appeal."

Question 4

Is محروم شد acting as a passive verb here?

Accepted Answer

Yes, it is the passive equivalent of a compound verb. محروم (mahrūm) means "deprived" or "banned." By pairing it with the auxiliary شدن (shodan, "to become"), it forms the passive "was suspended." If you wanted to specify who suspended the athlete (using the active voice), you would use the verb محروم کردن (mahrūm kardan, "to suspend/deprive").

ورزشکار محروم شد بدون اینکه تقاضای تجدیدنظر کند.

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