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### Making a Wish: کاش and ای کاش

To express a wish about a current situation that is not true—or to dream of ideal conditions—start your sentence with the word **کاش** (I wish). For a slightly more emphatic tone, you can use **ای کاش**.

Just like in English, Farsi uses past tense forms to talk about unreal situations in the present.

### Wishes with Action Verbs

To wish that a different action were happening right now, use the **Past Continuous** tense (**می** + Simple Past).

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### Wishes with State Verbs

When wishing for a state, use the **Simple Past** forms of verbs like **داشتن** (to have) and **بودن** (to be).

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### Multiple Conditions and Negation

If you want to wish for something not to be the case, negate the past tense verb as you normally would (for example, **بود** becomes **نبود**). You can easily combine state and action verbs in the same sentence.

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### Wishing for Ability

To say "I wish I could...", use the Past Continuous form of **توانستن** (to be able to), followed by the main action verb in the Present Subjunctive.

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### In Spoken Persian

When chatting in casual situations, these phrases follow the standard rules of spoken Farsi. Pronouns shift (**آن‌ها** becomes **اون‌ها**) and verb endings shorten (**می‌کردند** becomes **می‌کردن**).

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Present wishes (kâsh / ey kâsh)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
I wish	کاشkâsh
job	شغلshoghl
ideal	ایده‌آلide'âl
I wish I had an ideal job.	کاش یک شغل ایده‌آل داشتم.kâsh yek shoghl ide'âl dâshtam.
I wish	ای کاشey kâsh
reality	واقعیتvâqe'iyyat
I wish we lived in reality.	ای کاش در واقعیت زندگی می‌کردیم.ey kâsh dar vâghe'iyyat zendegi mikardim.
successful	موفقmovaffaq
I wish all the students studied and became successful.	کاش همه‌ی دانشجوها درس می‌خواندند و موفق می‌شدند.kâsh hame-ye dâneshjuhâ dars mikhândand va movaffaq mishodand.
to behave	رفتار کردنraftâr kardan
I wish the manager behaved better with all the employees.	کاش مدیر با همه‌ی کارمندها بهتر رفتار می‌کرد.kâsh modir bâ hame-ye kârmandhâ behtar raftâr mikard.
facilities / amenities	امکاناتemkânât
I wish this hospital had enough facilities.	ای کاش این بیمارستان به اندازه‌ی کافی امکانات داشت.ey kâsh in bimârestân be andâze-ye kâfi emkânât dâsht.
security	امنیتamniyat
This ideal job does not have enough security.	این شغل ایده‌آل به اندازه‌ی کافی امنیت ندارد.in shoghl-e ide'âl be andâze-ye kâfi amniyat nadârad.
I wish I could accept reality.	کاش می‌توانستم واقعیت را بپذیرم.kâsh mitavânestam vâghe'iyyat râ bepaziram.
unemployed	بیکارbikâr
I wish they used the facilities and were not unemployed.	ای کاش آن‌ها از امکانات استفاده می‌کردند و بیکار نبودند.ey kâsh ânhâ az emkânât estefâde mikardand va bikâr nabudand.
fortunate / happy (in life)	خوشبختkhoshbakht
I wish all the people lived happily.	کاش همه‌ی مردم خوشبخت زندگی می‌کردند.kâsh hameye mardom khoshbakht zendegi mikardand.
I wish he were working. He is going home now.	کاش اون کار می‌کرد. اون الان میره خونه.kâsh un kâr mikard. un alân mire khune.
I wish my brother were not unemployed and behaved better.	ای کاش برادرم بیکار نبود و بهتر رفتار می‌کرد.ey kâsh barâdaram bikâr nabud o behtar raftâr mikard.
I wish the conditions were ideal and we had security.	کاش شرایط ایده‌آل بود و ما امنیت داشتیم.kâsh sharâyet ide'âl bud va mâ amniyat dâshtim.
I could live happily.	من می‌توانستم خوشبخت زندگی کنم.man mitavânestam khoshbakht zendegi konam.
I wish they behaved well, but they fight.	کاش اون‌ها خوب رفتار می‌کردن، ولی دعوا می‌کنن.kâsh un-hâ khub raftâr mikardan, vali da'vâ mikonan.
This successful manager has an ideal job.	این مدیر موفق یک شغل ایده‌آل دارد.in modir-e movaffaq yek shoghl-e ide-âl dârad.

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