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When giving gifts or expressing gratitude, you often need to say things like "for me," "to you," or "about it." In Persian, instead of always using separate full pronouns, we frequently attach short pronoun endings (enclitics) directly to prepositions.

The most common singular endings are:
- **ـَم** (me)
- **ـَت** (you)
- **ـَش** (him / her / it)

When a preposition ends in a consonant, like **پیش** (near / to) or **کنار** (next to), simply attach the ending directly.

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When a preposition ends in a vowel, a "y" sound connects the word and the ending. For **برای** (for), which already ends in this "y" sound (**ی**), the endings attach seamlessly: **برایم** (for me), **برایت** (for you), and **برایش** (for him/her/it).

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If the preposition ends in a silent **ه** (sounding like "e"), such as **درباره** (about), you still pronounce the connecting "y" sound, but the ending is written with an *alef* (**‌اش**). For example, "about him" or "about it" becomes **درباره‌اش**.

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Prepositional enclitics (-am, -at, -ash)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
birthday	تولدtavallod
special (specific, designated)	مخصوصmakhsus
to prepare / to get / to provide (to procure)	تهیه کردنtahiyye kardan
Tomorrow is his birthday; I prepared a special gift for him.	فردا تولد او است؛ من یک هدیه‌ی مخصوص برایش تهیه کردم.fardâ tavallod-e u ast; man yek hedye-ye makhsus barâyash tahiye kardam.
celebration / party (festival)	جشنjashn
to surprise	غافلگیر کردنghâfelgir kardan
We must talk about it without him to surprise him at the celebration.	ما باید بدون او درباره‌اش صحبت کنیم تا او را در جشن غافلگیر کنیم.mâ bâyad bedun u darbâre-ash sohbat konim tâ u râ dar jashn ghâfelgir konim.
grateful / appreciative	قدردانghadrdân
favor / kindness	لطفlotf
souvenir	سوغاتیsoghâti
I am very grateful for your kindness; you always bring a souvenir for me.	من خیلی قدردان لطف شما هستم؛ همیشه برایم سوغاتی می‌آورید.man xeyli qadrdân lotf shomâ hastam; hamishe barâyam soghâti mi-âvarid.
to make up for / to compensate	جبران کردنjobrân kardan
You came to me today; I must make up for this favor.	تو امروز پیشم آمدی؛ باید این لطف را جبران کنم.to emrooz pisham âmadi; bâyad in lotf râ jobrân konam.
taste / preference	سلیقهsaligheh
I prepared this souvenir for you without him; I know your taste.	من این سوغاتی را بدون او برایت تهیه کردم؛ سلیقه‌ی تو را می‌شناسم.man in soghâti râ bedun u barâyat tahiye kardam; salighe-ye to râ mishenâsam.
This is a special celebration; I want to sit next to her.	این یک جشن مخصوص است؛ می‌خواهم کنارش بنشینم.in yek jashn-e makhsus ast; mikhâham kenârash beneshinam.
Every year I must make up for his kindness; I buy a gift for him.	هر سال باید لطف او را جبران کنم؛ برایش هدیه می‌خرم.har sâl bâyad lotf-e u râ jobrân konam; barâyash hediye mikharam.
She really likes your taste; she always talks about it.	او سلیقه‌ی شما را خیلی دوست دارد؛ همیشه درباره‌اش صحبت می‌کند.u saliqe-ye shomâ râ kheyli dust dârad; hamishe darbâre-ash sohbat mikonad.
You came to me without a gift, but you surprised me.	تو بدون هدیه پیشم آمدی، اما من را غافلگیر کردی.to bedun-e hedye pisham âmadi, ammâ man râ ghâfelgir kardi.
This is a special laptop; I got a new bag for it.	این یک لپ‌تاپ مخصوص است؛ یک کیف جدید برایش تهیه کردم.in yek lap-tâp makhsus ast; yek kif jadid barâyash tahiye kardam.
This birthday gift is for him, and he is very grateful.	این هدیه‌ی تولد برایش است و او خیلی قدردان است.in hadiye-ye tavallod barâyash ast o u kheyli ghadrdân ast.
blessed (used in congratulations)	مبارکmobârak
Happy birthday!	تولدت مبارک!tavallodat mobârak!
Happy birthday, my friend!	تولدت مبارک، دوستِ من!tavallodat mobârak, dust-e man!
congratulations (noun)	تبریکtabrik
Congratulations!	تبریک می‌گویم!tabrik migouyam!
I congratulate you on your birthday.	برای تولدت تبریک می‌گویم.barâye tavallodat tabrik miguyam.