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In a passive sentence, the focus is on the action. To specify the agent (the "doer"), Farsi uses specific prepositions. Both connect to the agent noun using the *ezâfe* connector.

### Using توسط (By)

**توسط** translates to "by". It is the most common way to introduce an agent, especially when the action is performed by a person or organization.

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### Using به وسیله‌ی (By means of)

When the action is performed by a machine, tool, or instrument, it is common to use **به وسیله‌ی**.

This phrase literally means "by means of", coming from the noun **وسیله** (means or tool). While **توسط** can also be used for machines, **به وسیله‌ی** explicitly highlights the instrument used.

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Passive agents (tavassot-e, be vasile-ye)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
bottle	بطریbotri
by (agent)	توسطtavassot-e
to recycle	بازیافت کردنbâzyâft kardan
The plastic bottles are recycled by the factory.	بطری‌های پلاستیکی توسط کارخانه بازیافت می‌شوند.botri-hâ-ye pelâstiki tavassote kârkhâne bâzyâft mishavand.
can / tin	قوطیghuti
means / tool (device, vehicle)	وسیلهvasile
to sort / to separate (categorize)	تفکیک کردنtafkik kardan
The metal cans must be sorted by means of a machine.	قوطی‌های فلزی باید به وسیله‌ی دستگاه تفکیک شوند.qutihâ-ye felezi bâyad be vasile-ye dastgâh tafkik shavand.
The garbage is sorted by my colleagues in this center.	زباله‌ها توسط همکارهای من در این مرکز تفکیک می‌شوند.zobâlehâ tavassote hamkârhâ-ye man dar in markaz tafkik mishavand
to melt	ذوب کردنzowb kardan
The glass is melted by the workers.	شیشه توسط کارگرها ذوب می‌شود.shishe tavassote kârgar-hâ zob mishavad.
to compress	فشرده کردنfeshorde kardan
The paper is compressed by means of a heavy machine.	کاغذ به وسیله‌ی یک دستگاه سنگین فشرده می‌شود.kâghaz be vasile-ye yek dastgâh-e sangin feshorde mishavad.
The empty bottles are compressed by the machines.	بطری‌های خالی توسط دستگاه‌ها فشرده می‌شوند.botri-hâye khâli tavassote dastgâh-hâ feshorde mishavand
The cans are melted by means of the furnace.	قوطی‌ها به وسیله‌ی کوره ذوب می‌شوند.ghuti-hâ be vasile-ye kureh zob mishavand.
All materials must be recycled by the government.	تمام مواد باید توسط دولت بازیافت شوند.tamâm-e mavâd bâyad tavassot dowlat bâzyâft shavand.