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### Speculating on the Past

To express doubt or speculate about actions that might *not* have happened in the past, Farsi uses the negative present perfect subjunctive. 

Form it by adding the negative prefix نـ to the past participle of the main verb, followed by the present subjunctive of بودن.

| Person | Form (مردن) |
| --- | --- |
| 1st Person Singular | نمرده باشم |
| 2nd Person Singular | نمرده باشی |
| 3rd Person Singular | نمرده باشد |
| 1st Person Plural | نمرده باشیم |
| 2nd Person Plural | نمرده باشید |
| 3rd Person Plural | نمرده باشند |

### Expressing Doubt

The word شاید (perhaps/maybe) is a common trigger for the subjunctive. Paired with this negative structure, it describes a past event that possibly did not occur.

{{item:820113}}

### Compound Verbs

For compound verbs, the negative prefix نـ attaches directly to the verbal component, leaving the preceding part unchanged.

{{item:820095}}

{{item:820106}}

### Hopes and Conditions

The perfect subjunctive is also required after expressions of desire like امیدوارم که (I hope that), and in conditional clauses starting with اگر (if) to propose a negative scenario.

{{item:820097}}

{{item:820111}}

### Spoken Farsi

In colloquial Farsi, the auxiliary verb is often shortened. For example, باشند becomes باشن, and the direct object marker را becomes رو.

{{item:820109}}

Negative present perfect subjunctive (na-... bâshad)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
crime (major, felony)	جنایتjenâyat
unsolved	حل‌نشدهhal-nashode
Perhaps the detective has not forgotten this unsolved crime.	شاید کارآگاه این جنایت حل‌نشده را فراموش نکرده باشد.shâyad kârâgâh in jenâyat hal-nashode râ farâmush nakarde bâshad
to kidnap / to abduct	ربودنrobudan
I hope that they have not abducted the missing boy.	امیدوارم که آنها پسرک گمشده را نربوده باشند.omidvâram ke ânhâ pesarak gomshode râ narobude bâshand.
speculation	گمانه‌زنیgomâne-zani
closed (case)	مختومهmakhtoome
Despite the speculation, the case was officially closed.	علی‌رغم گمانه‌زنی، پرونده رسماً مختومه اعلام گردید.aliraghm-e gomâne-zani, parvande rasman makhtume e'lâm gardid.
extortion / blackmail	باج‌گیریbâj-giri
unmarked / traceless	بی‌نشانbi-neshân
The suspects might not have hidden the money in an unmarked location for extortion.	شاید مظنون‌ها پول را برای باج‌گیری در یک مکان بی‌نشان پنهان نکرده باشند.shâyad maznun-hâ pul râ barâye bâj-giri dar yek makân bi-neshân penhân nakarde bâshand.
grave	گورgur
to murder	به قتل رساندنbe qatl resândan
The detective suspects that the murderer might not have killed the victim near the grave.	کارآگاه گمان می‌کند که شاید قاتل قربانی را نزدیک گور به قتل نرسانده باشد.kârâgâh gomân mikonad ke shâyad qâtel qorbâni râ nazdik gur be qatl naresânde bâshad.
The murderer had not hidden the corpse in the unmarked grave before escaping.	قاتل پیش از فرار کردن، جسد را در گور بی‌نشان پنهان نکرده بود.qâtel pish az farâr kardan, jasad râ dar gur bi-neshân penhân nakarde bud.
This crime was so mysterious that the speculation about it never ended.	این جنایت آن‌قدر اسرارآمیز بود که گمانه‌زنی در مورد آن هرگز پایان نیافت.in jenâyat ânqadr esrârâmiz bud ke gomâne-zani dar mored-e ân hargez pâyân nayâft.
The detectives might not have found the missing kids of these unsolved cases.	کارآگاها شاید بچه‌های گمشده‌ی این پرونده‌های حل‌نشده رو پیدا نکرده باشن.kârâgâhâ shâyad bache-hâye gomshode-ye in parvande-hâye hal-nashode ro peydâ nakarde bâshan.
Abducting an innocent person for extortion is an illegal act.	ربودن یک شخص بی‌گناه برای باج‌گیری، یک اقدام غیرقانونی است.robudan-e yek shakhs-e bigonâh barâye bâjgiri, yek eghdâm-e gheyre-qânuni ast.
If they have not murdered the hostage, this case might not be closed.	اگر آنها گروگان را به قتل نرسانده باشند، این پرونده شاید مختومه نشود.agar ânhâ gerowgân râ be qatl naresânde bâshand, in parvande shâyad makhtume nashavad.
missing / disappeared	ناپدیدnâpadid
Maybe the missing man has not died.	شاید مرد ناپدید نمرده باشد.shâyad mard nâpadid namorde bâshad.
Maybe the killer has not run away and has not disappeared in the city.	شاید قاتل فرار نکرده باشد و در شهر ناپدید نشده باشد.shâyad qâtel farâr nakarde bâshad va dar shahr nâpadid nashode bâshad.