Including (از جمله)
When giving specific examples of a broader category, use از جمله, meaning "including" or "among which."
| including / among which | از جملهaz jomle |
It directly follows a general group or plural noun to introduce specific instances.
| In the botanical garden, there are many plants, including tropical plants. | در باغ گیاهشناسی، گیاهان زیادی از جمله گیاهان استوایی وجود دارند.dar bâgh giyâh-shenâsi, giyâhân-e ziyâdi az jomle giyâhân-e estevâyi vojud dârand. |
Examples Within the Sentence
The phrase از جمله usually sits immediately after the general category it describes.
| We saw strange species, including cactus and bamboo, in this collection. | ما در این مجموعه گونههای عجیبی از جمله کاکتوس و بامبو دیدیم.mâ dar in majmu'e gunehâ-ye ajibi az jomle kâktus va bâmbu didim. |
When this whole block functions as a definite direct object, the object marker را is placed after the specific examples.
| They cultivate fragrant flowers, including the orchid, in this greenhouse. | آنها گلهای معطری از جمله ارکیده را در این گلخانه پرورش میدهند.ânhâ golhâ-ye mo'attari az jomle orkide râ dar in golkhâne parvaresh midahand |
It can also appear within the subject of the sentence.
| Different plants, including the cactus, were being cultivated there. | گیاهان متفاوتی از جمله کاکتوس در آنجا پرورش داده میشدند.giâhân-e motefâveti az jomle kâktus dar ânjâ parvaresh dâde mishodand |
Listing Examples at the End
You can also place از جمله and its examples at the very end of a sentence, after the verb, to emphasize the specific items.
| We found strange plants, including the lotus and the orchid. | ما گیاهان عجیبی پیدا کردیم، از جمله نیلوفر و ارکیده.mâ giâhân-e ajibi peydâ kardim, az jomle nilufar va orkide. |
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