"Every" Single One
When a health inspector checks a restaurant, they look at everything. To talk about universal rules, you'll need the word for "every" or "each" (هر).
Grammatically, هر sits directly in front of a singular noun. You do not use an Ezafe connector between هر and the noun.
| Every restaurant must observe hygiene standards. | هر رستوران باید استانداردهای بهداشت را رعایت کند.har resturân bâyad estândârdhâ-ye behdâsht râ re'âyat konad |
"All" of Them
To talk about "all" of something, use the word همه. Unlike "every," "all" groups multiple things together, so it is followed by a plural noun.
Crucially, همه requires an Ezafe to connect to the noun. Because همه ends in a vowel, the Ezafe is written as ی, making it همهی (literally "all of").
| All of the sanitary standards are important. | همهی استانداردهای بهداشتی مهم هستند.hame-ye estândârdhâ-ye behdâshti mohem hastand. |
Syntactic Contrast
Whether you use هر or همهی depends on whether you are framing your sentence around a singular "each" or a plural "all." Notice the contrast below: no Ezafe with the singular noun, but a mandatory Ezafe with the plural noun.
| Every worker must leave their uniform outside the restroom. | هر کارگر باید روپوش خود را بیرون دستشویی بگذارد.har kârgar bâyad rupush-e khod râ birun-e dastshuyi begzârad. |
| All of the workers can wash and disinfect the uniforms here. | همهی کارگران میتوانند روپوشها را اینجا بشویند و ضدعفونی کنند.hame-ye kârgarân mitavânand ruposh-hâ râ injâ beshuyand va zedd-e-ofuni konand. |
Adding Adjectives and Objects
These quantifiers can be used whether the noun is the subject or the direct object. If the noun has an adjective, the adjective simply follows the noun with its normal Ezafe, unaffected by the quantifier up front.
| All clean cafes must have a sanitary permit. | همهی کافههای تمیز باید مجوز بهداشتی داشته باشند.hame-ye kâfe-hâye tamiz bâyad mojavvez-e behdâshti dâshte bâshand. |
When the entire phrase is a specific direct object, the object marker را goes at the very end of the noun phrase, after the noun and any of its adjectives.
| The inspector closes down every shop without a permit. | بازرس هر مغازهی بدون مجوز را پلمب میکند.bâzras har maghâze-ye bedun-e mojavvez râ polomb mikonad |
| They close down all of the dirty restaurants after the poisoning. | آنها بعد از مسمومیت همهی رستورانهای کثیف را پلمب میکنند.ânhâ ba'd az masmumiyat hameye resturânhâye kasif râ palomb mikonand |