Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### Causative Verbs (Gozarâ kardan)

In Farsi, you can turn an intransitive verb (an action you do) into a transitive verb (an action you make someone else do) using the causative form.

To form a causative verb, add **ـاندن** to the **present stem** of the base verb.

| Base Verb | Present Stem | Causative Infinitive | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| خوابیدن | خواب | خواباندن | to put to sleep |
| خندیدن | خند | خنداندن | to make laugh |
| ترسیدن | ترس | ترساندن | to frighten |
| فهمیدن | فهم | فهماندن | to make understand |

{{item:779628}}

{{item:779626}}

### Stem Changes

Some stems undergo a slight change before adding the causative suffix. For example, the present stem of نشستن (to sit) is نشین, but the causative drops the ی to become نشاندن (to seat).

{{item:779619}}

### Conjugation

Causative verbs conjugate regularly. The past stem ends in **ـاند** and the present stem ends in **ـان**. You form imperatives, subjunctives, negatives, and continuous tenses just like any other regular verb.

{{item:779630}}

{{item:779635}}

{{item:779632}}

Causative verbs (-ân-, -ândan)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
caregiver	پرستارparastâr
to seat / to plant (a kiss)	نشاندنneshândan
The caregiver is seating the children on the chair.	پرستار دارد بچه‌ها را روی صندلی می‌نشاند.parastâr dârad bacheha râ ruye sandali minshânad.
daycare	مهدکودکmahd-e kudak
diaper	پوشکpushak
to dress / to cover	پوشاندنpushândan
I put a diaper on this child every day in the daycare.	من هر روز در مهدکودک به این بچه پوشک می‌پوشانم.man har ruz dar mahd-e kudak be in bacche pushak mipushânam.
naughtiness	شیطنتsheytanat
to make laugh	خنداندنkhandândan
This boy's naughtiness always makes the caregiver laugh.	شیطنت این پسر همیشه پرستار را می‌خنداند.sheytanat-e in pesar hamishe parastâr râ mikhandânad.
to put to sleep	خواباندنkhâbândan
We are putting the children to sleep in the daycare.	ما داریم بچه‌ها را در مهدکودک می‌خوابانیم.mâ dârim bacheha râ dar mahdkudak mikhâbânim.
to spin (something)	چرخاندنcharkhândan
Please do not spin this toy!	لطفاً این اسباب‌بازی را نچرخان!lotfan in asbâb-bâzi râ nacharkhân!
to make understand	فهماندنfahmândan
I must make myself understand that this child is not hungry.	من باید به خودم بفهمانم که این بچه گرسنه نیست.man bâyad be khodam befahmânam ke in bacheh gorosneh nist.
She herself dresses the child and seats him.	او خودش به بچه لباس می‌پوشاند و او را می‌نشاند.u khodash be bache lebâs mipushânad va u râ mineshânad.
The caregiver does not frighten the children in the daycare.	پرستار در مهدکودک بچه‌ها را نمی‌ترساند.parastâr dar mahd-e kudak bacheha râ nemitarsânad.
The girl spins the doll before she puts it to sleep.	دختر قبل از اینکه عروسک را بخواباند، آن را می‌چرخاند.dokhtar qabl az inke arusak râ bekhâbânad, ân râ mičarkhânad.
The caregiver might seat the child on the carpet.	شاید پرستار بچه را روی فرش بنشاند.shâyad parastâr bache râ ruye farsh beneshânad.
The caregiver makes the mother understand the problem of the dirty diaper.	پرستار مشکل پوشک کثیف را به مادر می‌فهماند.parastâr moshkel-e pushak-e kasif râ be mâdar mifahmânad.
The child makes the caregiver laugh with his naughtiness.	بچه با شیطنت خود پرستار را می‌خنداند.bache bâ sheytanat-e khod parastâr râ mikhandânad.

Contributors