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### Formal Expectations with "Geacht worden te"

When you want to express that someone is officially expected to do something—such as following university guidelines—Dutch uses the construction **geacht worden te** ("to be expected to").

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To build a sentence, conjugate the auxiliary verb **worden** according to the subject. Place **geacht** later in the sentence, followed by **te** and the infinitive verb at the end.

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### Academic Integrity and Negation

This formal phrasing is highly common in academic codes of conduct. To express that someone is expected *not* to do something, place the negation (such as **niet**) directly before the **te** + infinitive block.

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You will often see this construction paired with vocabulary related to academic integrity, such as writing an assignment (**het werkstuk**) or citing sources (**citeren**).

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### Word Order in Subordinate Clauses

In a subordinate clause (for example, after a conjunction like *aangezien*), the conjugated form of *worden* moves to the end of the clause, sitting directly after *geacht*.

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Formal expectations (geacht worden te)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

determiner/pronoun

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and 'to be' (ik ben, hij is)

The formal 'you' (u bent)

Definite articles (de, het)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (wij zijn)

The verb 'to have' (hebben)

Basic word order

Numbers 1 to 10 (een, twee, drie)

Verb stems and the 'I' form (ik werk)

Long vowels in verb stems (maken, ik maak)

Short vowels in verb stems (zitten, ik zit)

Present tense singular (-t)

Present tense plural (-en)

Yes/no questions

Question words (wie, wat, waar)

Noun negation (geen)

Plural nouns (-en)

Plural nouns (-s)

Diminutives (-je)

Adjective modifiers (heel, erg, te)

Verb negation (niet)

Singular possessives (mijn, jouw, zijn, haar)

Plural and formal possessives (ons/onze, jullie, hun, uw)

This and these (deze, dit)

That and those (die, dat)

Asking which (welke, welk)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elf, twaalf, dertien...)

Tens and compound numbers (dertig, veertig...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (eerste, tweede...)

Telling time: hours and half hours (uur, half)

Telling time: quarters (kwart over, kwart voor)

Question words (hoeveel, waarom)

Irregular verbs (doen, gaan, staan, zien, komen)

Adjective endings (+e)

Adjectives with 'het' words

Prepositions of place (uit, bij)

Subject-verb inversion

Time before place

Modal verbs (willen, kunnen)

Modal verbs (moeten, mogen)

The verb bracket

Separable prefix verbs

The imperative mood (kom, luister)

Singular object pronouns (mij, jou, hem, haar)

Plural and formal object pronouns (ons, jullie, hen, u)

Reflexive verbs and pronouns (zich, me, je)

Position of negation (niet)

The present perfect tense with regular verbs (hebben gewerkt)

The present perfect tense with motion verbs (zijn gegaan)

Irregular past participles (gezien, gedaan)

The present continuous (zijn aan het)

There is / there are (er is, er zijn)

Unstressed there (er)

And, but, or (en, maar, of)

Because (want)

Months of the year

Prepositions of time (om, van ... tot)

Greetings and politeness

Conversational glue

Prepositions with days (op)

Prepositions with seasons (in)

Genitive of time ('s morgens, 's nachts)

Adverbs of frequency (altijd, vaak)

The future tense (gaan)

The future tense (zullen)

Separable verbs with auxiliary verbs

Apostrophe plurals ('-s)

Irregular plurals (-eren)

Complex diminutives (-pje, -etje, -kje)

Possessive 's (Jan's, vaders)

Indefinite pronouns (iets, niemand, alles)

Indefinite subject pronoun (je)

Reciprocal pronoun (elkaar)

Comparative adjectives (-er dan)

Comparatives with spelling change (-der)

Superlative adjectives (-st)

Irregular comparisons (beter, meer, minder)

Expressing preference (graag, liever, het liefst)

Equality comparisons (even ... als)

Fixed prepositions

That clauses (dat)

Because clauses (omdat)

If and when clauses (als)

Inversion after clauses

Separable verbs in clauses

Negation in clauses (niet)

Past tense of to be (was / waren)

Past tense of to have (had / hadden)

Question	Answer
to be expected to	geacht worden te
original	origineel
the essay	het essay
One is expected to write an original essay.	Men wordt geacht een origineel essay te schrijven.
academic	academisch
to formulate	formuleren
You are expected to formulate your answers academically.	Je wordt geacht je antwoorden academisch te formuleren.
to cheat	spieken
Students are expected not to cheat during the exam.	Studenten worden geacht niet te spieken tijdens het tentamen.
the assignment (school project / paper)	het werkstuk
to cite	citeren
Since this is an academic assignment, you are expected to cite.	Aangezien dit een academisch werkstuk is, word je geacht te citeren.
Cheating is forbidden, since one is expected to be honest.	Spieken is verboden, aangezien men geacht wordt eerlijk te zijn.
the plagiarism	het plagiaat
To prevent plagiarism, you are expected to mention your sources.	Om plagiaat te voorkomen, word je geacht je bronnen te vermelden.
to refer to	verwijzen naar
If you want to cite perfectly, you must refer clearly to the author.	Als je perfect wilt citeren, moet je duidelijk naar de auteur verwijzen.
I went studying yesterday to formulate this academic essay better.	Ik ben gisteren wezen studeren om dit academische essay beter te formuleren.
Although the students do not cheat, their assignment is sometimes quite bad.	Hoewel de studenten niet spieken, is hun werkstuk soms best slecht.
As soon as you have an original essay, you are expected to formulate that clearly.	Zodra je een origineel essay hebt, word je geacht dat helder te formuleren.
The teacher assesses whether the assignment is original and whether you cite well.	De docent beoordeelt of het werkstuk origineel is en of je goed citeert.
What kind of information must you write down to avoid plagiarism?	Wat voor informatie moet je opschrijven om plagiaat te vermijden?
Some paragraphs refer to unknown sources, although that is absolutely unacceptable.	Sommige alinea's verwijzen naar onbekende bronnen, hoewel dat absoluut onacceptabel is.
the explanation	de uitleg
The explanation in the essay is academic.	De uitleg in het essay is academisch.
One is expected to formulate the explanation.	Men wordt geacht de uitleg te formuleren.

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