To talk about ongoing spans of time, such as when bees are gathering nectar, we use two key words: otkad (since when / since) and dokad (until when / until).
Asking "Since When" and "Until When"
Place otkad or dokad at the beginning of a question to ask about the start or end of an activity. You may also see the longer forms otkada and dokada, which mean the exact same thing.
| Since when do you work as a beekeeper? | Otkad radiš kao pčelar? |
| Since when do the bees produce wax? | Otkad pčele proizvode vosak? |
| Until when will that beekeeper produce honey? | Dokad će taj pčelar proizvoditi med? |
| Until when does the queen bee stay in the beehive? | Dokad matica ostaje u košnici? |
Connecting Clauses
Otkad and dokad also act as conjunctions connecting two parts of a sentence, meaning "since the time that" or "until the time that."
| Since the apples are blooming, the bees are gathering nectar. | Otkad cvjetaju jabuke, pčele skupljaju nektar. |
| Since we have beehives, we sell thirty jars of honey. | Otkad imamo košnice, prodajemo trideset staklenki meda. |
The Conjunction Kad (When)
Use the basic conjunction kad (when) to establish a timeframe without focusing on its specific start or end point.
| When we produce honey, we will need thirty jars. | Kad budemo proizvodili med, trebat ćemo trideset staklenki. |
| When the bees find nectar, they will bring it home. | Kad pčele budu našle nektar, donijet će ga kući. |
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