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Croatian

### Expressing Means and Mediums

When talking about technology, broadcasting, or communication, we often need to express the medium or means through which an action happens. In Croatian, two very common prepositions for this are **putem** and **pomoću**. 

Both of these are secondary prepositions, and both always require the noun that follows them to be in the **genitive case**.

### The Preposition "putem" (via / through)

The word **putem** literally comes from the word for "path" or "way" (*put*). It translates to "via" or "through" and is used to indicate the channel, network, or medium of a transmission.

Because it takes the genitive case, regular masculine nouns following it will take the **-a** ending. 

{{item:1103574}}

{{item:1103581}}

Adjectives describing the medium will also take their respective genitive endings:

{{item:1103587}}

### The Preposition "pomoću" (by means of / with the help of)

The preposition **pomoću** is related to the word for "help" (*pomoć*). It translates to "by means of," "using," or "with the help of." It is used when a specific tool, device, or piece of equipment enables an action to take place.

Just like *putem*, it takes the genitive case. Notice how the feminine noun *antena* changes to *antene* (the feminine genitive **-e** ending), while the masculine *odašiljač* changes to *odašiljača* (the masculine genitive **-a** ending):

{{item:1103578}}

{{item:1103592}}

Finally, here is an example showing how you might use both of these prepositions together to describe a complex action:

{{item:1103598}}

Prepositions of means (pomoću, putem)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Irregular perfective verbs

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Question	Answer
via	putem
satellite	satelit
We watch television via satellite.	Gledamo televiziju putem satelita.
transmitter	odašiljač
by means of	pomoću
antenna	antena
The transmitter sends a signal by means of the antenna.	Odašiljač šalje signal pomoću antene.
transmission	prijenos
live	uživo
The live transmission goes via the internet.	Prijenos uživo ide putem interneta.
channel	kanal
frequency	frekvencija
This channel uses a different frequency.	Ovaj kanal koristi drugačiju frekvenciju.
optical	optički
Given that we have an optical cable, the internet is fast.	S obzirom na to da imamo optički kabel, internet je brz.
Transmission via the optical cable is very reliable.	Prijenos putem optičkog kabela je vrlo pouzdan.
to broadcast	emitirati
The satellite broadcasts the signal toward the antenna.	Satelit emitira signal prema anteni.
We are listening to the live transmission on that frequency.	Slušamo prijenos uživo na toj frekvenciji.
radio	radijski
They will repair the radio signal by means of the transmitter.	Popravit će radijski signal pomoću odašiljača.
Does this channel broadcast matches live?	Emitira li ovaj kanal utakmice uživo?
We can get a signal from abroad via the network.	Možemo dobiti signal iz inozemstva putem mreže.
Can you change the frequency by means of the optical device?	Možete li promijeniti frekvenciju pomoću optičkog uređaja?
The new radio transmitter is very strong.	Novi radijski odašiljač je vrlo jak.
During the transmission, the connection broke.	Tijekom prijenosa veza je pukla.
By means of this software, we are conversing via a secure channel.	Pomoću ovog softvera razgovaramo putem sigurnog kanala.

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