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Croatian

### Suppletive Aspectual Pairs

Most aspectual pairs in Croatian share a root, changing only by adding a prefix or altering a suffix. However, a few very common verbs use completely different words for the ongoing action (imperfective) and the completed action (perfective). These are called "suppletive" pairs.

### Looking and Listening

Use the imperfective **gledati** (to look) when directing your attention, and the perfective **vidjeti** (to see) when successfully perceiving it.

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Similarly with sound: making the effort to listen is the imperfective **slušati**, while actually perceiving the noise is the perfective **čuti** (to hear).

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### Speaking and Saying

For the ongoing action of speaking, use the imperfective **govoriti**. For a completed statement—such as delivering a specific message or a piece of news (**vijest**)—use the perfective **reći** (to say or tell).

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### Messages and Arrivals

Some verbs undergo significant stem changes. **Slati** (to send, ongoing) pairs with **poslati** (to send, completed). **Dolaziti** (to arrive, ongoing) pairs with the shorter perfective **doći** (to arrive, completed).

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### Telling Stories

The imperfective **pričati** generally means "to talk." By adding a prefix, we get **ispričati**, meaning "to tell" a complete story (**priča**) from beginning to end (perfective).

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Finally, notice how these verbs of speaking, hearing, and seeing are used together to contrast unfolding events with sudden, completed actions.

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Irregular perfective verbs

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Plural instrumental nouns (-ima, -ama)

Question	Answer
I am looking at your pictures, but I do not see your car.	Gledam tvoje slike, ali ne vidim tvoj automobil.
I am looking, but I do not see your house.	Gledam, ali ne vidim tvoju kuću.
loudly	glasno
voice	glas
Why are you listening to music so loudly? I do not hear your voice!	Zašto tako glasno slušaš glazbu? Ne čujem tvoj glas!
I am listening, but I do not hear the song.	Slušam, ali ne čujem pjesmu.
sound	zvuk
I hear some strange sound, but that is not your voice.	Čujem neki čudan zvuk, ali to nije tvoj glas.
news	vijest
They always speak a lot, but they do not want to tell me this news.	Oni uvijek puno govore, ali mi ne žele reći ovu vijest.
Who will tell me the truth?	Tko će mi reći istinu?
to send	slati
I send her messages every day, but tomorrow I will send her good news.	Šaljem joj poruke svaki dan, ali sutra ću joj poslati dobru vijest.
He does not send messages often, but today he will send a letter.	On ne šalje poruke često, ali danas će poslati pismo.
to come	dolaziti
We often arrive late, but today we will arrive early.	Često dolazimo kasno, ali danas ćemo doći rano.
to talk	pričati
to tell	ispričati
story	priča
Grandpa loves to talk, and tonight he will tell us a new story.	Djed voli pričati, a večeras će nam ispričati novu priču.
Can you tell me a story? I want to listen.	Možeš li mi ispričati priču? Želim slušati.
He is talking loudly, and a strange sound is coming from the television.	On priča glasno, a čudan zvuk dolazi iz televizora.
quietly	tiho
They always speak quietly. I cannot hear what they will say.	Oni uvijek govore tiho. Ne mogu čuti što će reći.
We were walking quietly and suddenly we saw a strange bird.	Šetali smo tiho i odjednom smo vidjeli čudnu pticu.
to stop; to stand (perfective)	stati
The car stopped in front of the house.	Auto je stao ispred kuće.
Stop here and wait for me!	Stani ovdje i čekaj me!

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