Declining the Numerals

On the agreement page you learned that the famous 2/3/4-nominative-plural and 5+-genitive-plural rules apply only while the counted phrase is nominative or inanimate-accusative. This page handles everything else: what happens when the phrase goes oblique — after a preposition, as an indirect object, in the instrumental. The answer is clean to state and laborious to execute: the numeral itself declines, and the noun follows it into the same case. Once a numeral is oblique, the special counting rules vanish; you have an ordinary case-agreement phrase, like an adjective with its noun. The cost is that you must learn the numeral paradigms — and several of them are irregular.

The governing principle

Compare the same noun in two settings:

ContextPhraseMechanism
nominative (subject)два бра́ти прийшли́three-way rule: nom. pl.
instrumental (after з)з двома́ брата́миboth in the instrumental
dative (indirect object)двом брата́мboth in the dative

In з двома́ брата́ми there is no "nominative plural after 2" any more — the whole phrase is instrumental: двома́ (instr. of два) governs брата́ми (instr. pl. of брат). The numeral is leading the noun by the hand into the case the sentence demands. Learn this principle and the rest is just memorizing forms.

Я приї́хав з двома́ валі́зами й однією́ дити́ною — переї́зд дава́вся неле́гко.

I arrived with two suitcases and one child — the move wasn't easy.

оди́н: declines like an adjective/pronoun

Оди́н inflects like the demonstrative той — agreeing in gender, number and case:

CaseMasc.Neut.Fem.
Nom.оди́нодне́одна́
Gen.одного́одного́однієї́ (одно́ї)
Dat.одному́одному́одні́й
Acc.= nom./gen.одне́одну́
Instr.одни́модни́модніє́ю (одно́ю)
Loc.(на) одному́одному́одні́й

Я розповіда́ю про одного́ дру́га, яко́го зна́ю з ди́тинства.

I'm telling you about one friend whom I've known since childhood.

Усі пробле́ми зво́дяться до одніє́ї — бра́ку ча́су.

All the problems boil down to one — a lack of time.

два, три, чоти́ри: a shared pattern with one twist

These three share an oblique pattern. Note that два/дві lose their gender distinction once oblique — both become двох:

Caseдва / двітричоти́ри
Nom.два / двітричоти́ри
Gen.двохтрьохчотирьо́х
Dat.двомтрьомчотирьо́м
Acc.= nom. / двох= nom. / трьох= nom. / чотирьо́х
Instr.двома́трьома́чотирма́
Loc.(на) двохтрьохчотирьо́х

The animacy split in the accusative is the usual one: with animate nouns the accusative copies the genitive (ба́чив трьох друзі́в "saw three friends"), with inanimate nouns it copies the nominative (купи́в три столи́ "bought three tables").

The one twist worth flagging: чоти́ри has an irregular instrumental чотирма́ — not the *чотирьома́ you would predict from трьома́. Memorize чотирма́ as a one-off (a parallel form чотирма́ is the standard; older grammars also allowed чотирьома́, but чотирма́ is the norm).

Ми сиді́ли за столо́м з трьома́ ро́дичами й гово́рили до пі́вночі.

We sat at the table with three relatives and talked until midnight.

Профе́сор зверну́вся до чотирьо́х студе́нтів, які́ запізни́лися.

The professor addressed the four students who were late.

Він керу́є чотирма́ ві́дділами одноча́сно — не уявля́ю, як він усти́гає.

He runs four departments at once — I can't imagine how he keeps up.

п’ять and the 5–20/30 type: two parallel sets

From п’ять up to два́дцять, and три́дцять, the numerals decline like a soft -ь noun (the тінь type) — and each oblique case has two accepted forms: a shorter one (like п’яти́) and a longer one borrowed from the collective pattern (like п’ятьо́х):

Caseп’ятьшістьде́сять
Nom.п’ятьшістьде́сять
Gen.п’яти́ / п’ятьо́хшести́ / шістьо́хдесяти́ / десятьо́х
Dat.п’яти́ / п’ятьо́мшести́ / шістьо́мдесяти́ / десятьо́м
Acc.п’ять / п’ятьо́хшість / шістьо́хде́сять / десятьо́х
Instr.п’ятьма́ / п’ятьома́шістьма́ / шістьома́десятьма́ / десятьома́
Loc.(на) п’яти́ / п’ятьо́хшести́ / шістьо́хдесяти́ / десятьо́х

Both columns are correct standard Ukrainian. As a rule of thumb, the longer -ьо́х/-ьо́м/-ьома́ forms are preferred with animate nouns and people (про п’ятьо́х друзі́в), while the shorter forms feel a touch more (formal) and numerical (до п’яти́ ро́ків). Don't agonize over the choice — pick one and be consistent.

Дити́на навчи́лася рахува́ти до п’яти́ — пиша́ється собо́ю неймові́рно.

The child has learned to count to five — and is incredibly proud of herself.

Я познайо́мився з п’ятьма́ нови́ми коле́гами за пе́рший же день.

I met five new colleagues on the very first day.

Зу́стріч перенесли́, бо́ ві́дповіді не було́ від шістьо́х учасникі́в.

The meeting was postponed, because there was no reply from six of the participants.

со́рок, дев’яно́сто, сто: one oblique form for all

These three are the easiest to decline, because each has a single form covering the genitive, dative, instrumental and locative — ending in :

Caseсо́рокдев’яно́стосто
Nom./Acc.со́рокдев’яно́стосто
Gen./Dat./Instr./Loc.сорока́дев’яно́стаста

So "with forty" is із сорока́, "to a hundred" is до ста. Note дев’яно́ста keeps the stress on о (not дев’яноста́), and *сорока́ is end-stressed.

Кни́жку прода́ли накла́дом понад со́рок ти́сяч, а почина́ли з сорока́ примі́рників.

The book sold in a print run of over forty thousand, though they started with forty copies.

Ме́неджер працю́є зі ста кліє́нтами одноча́сно — і не плу́тає жо́дного.

The manager works with a hundred clients at once — and doesn't mix up a single one.

💡
The three "lazy" numerals — со́рок, дев’яно́сто, сто — have just one oblique form each: сорока́, дев’яно́ста, ста, used in every case but the nominative/accusative. After a preposition they barely change: до ста гри́вень, із сорока́ люде́й.

The hundreds: both parts decline

Дві́сті through дев’ятсо́т are the hardest, because both halves inflect — the unit-part declines like два/п’ять, and the -ста/-со́т part declines like the plural of a noun. Here is дві́сті in full and the others schematically:

Caseдві́сті (200)п’ятсо́т (500)
Nom./Acc.дві́стіп’ятсо́т
Gen.двохсо́тп’ятисо́т
Dat.двомста́мп’ятиста́м
Instr.двомаста́мип’ятьмаста́ми / п’ятьомаста́ми
Loc.(на) двохста́хп’ятиста́х

These forms are genuinely cumbersome, and even native speakers reach for workarounds in speech (rephrasing, or using the noun ти́сяча). But in (formal) and (academic) writing — financial reports, legal texts, statistics — the declined hundreds are expected, so a C-level learner must recognize and produce двохсо́т, п’ятисо́т.

Прое́кт фінансу́ється з ко́штів понад двохсо́т доброді́їв із усього́ сві́ту.

The project is funded from the contributions of over two hundred donors from around the world.

У звіті йде́ться про дося́гнення п’ятисо́т підприє́мств га́лузі.

The report concerns the achievements of five hundred enterprises in the sector.

Compounds: every part declines

In a multi-word number, every word that can decline does, each in the required case. So 25 in the dative is двадцяти́ п’яти́, both parts inflected:

NumberNominativeGenitiveInstrumental
22два́дцять двадвадцяти́ двохдвадцятьма́ двома́
25два́дцять п’ятьдвадцяти́ п’яти́двадцятьма́ п’ятьма́

Йде́ться про вина́городу для двадцяти́ п’яти́ найкра́щих уче́нів шко́ли.

It's about a reward for the twenty-five best pupils in the school.

💡
In an oblique compound number, every declinable word inflects: 25 in the genitive is двадцяти́ п’яти́, in the dative двадцяти́ п’яти́. The one big simplification: once the numeral is oblique, the noun just agrees in the same case — двома́ книжка́ми, п’ятьма́ книжка́ми — and the 2/3/4-vs-5+ distinction disappears, because the noun is no longer chosen by the number but simply matched to its case.

Source-language comparison

For an English speaker, the very idea that a number changes shape is foreign — "two" is "two" in "two books," "with two friends," "to two people." Ukrainian inflects the number in all but the nominative, so you are effectively learning a small new declension class. The payoff is consistency: once the numeral is oblique, the noun just agrees, so there is no separate 2/3/4 vs 5+ puzzle to solve — that puzzle only lived in the nominative.

For a Russian speaker, the paradigms are close but not identical, and the differences are exactly the kind that leak. Ukrainian instrumental двома́, трьома́, чотирма́ (note чотирма́, not четырьмя́), the parallel *п’ятьма́ / п’ятьома́, and the single-form сорока́ / ста all match Russian closely — but the hundreds diverge in spelling and stress (Ukrainian двохсо́т, п’ятисо́т), and the apostrophes (п’ятьма́) are obligatory. Lean on the structural similarity, but verify every form's Ukrainian spelling.

Common Mistakes

❌ з два брата́ми (undeclined numeral)

Incorrect — in an oblique phrase the numeral declines: з двома́ брата́ми (instrumental throughout).

✅ з двома́ брата́ми

with two brothers — двома́ + брата́ми, both instrumental.

❌ з чотирьома́ (instrumental of 4)

Incorrect — 4 has the irregular instrumental чотирма́, not *чотирьома́.

✅ з чотирма́ друзя́ми

with four friends — instrumental чотирма́.

❌ до сто гри́вень (undeclined сто)

Incorrect — сто has the oblique form ста: до ста гри́вень.

✅ до ста гри́вень

up to a hundred hryvnias — genitive ста.

❌ про двадцять п’ятьо́х уче́нів (only the last word declined)

Incorrect — every part of a compound declines: про двадцяти́ п’ятьо́х уче́нів.

✅ про двадцяти́ п’ятьо́х уче́нів

about twenty-five pupils — both двадцяти́ and п’ятьо́х declined.

❌ з двохсот гри́вень як називний (using двісті in an oblique slot)

Incorrect — 200 in the genitive is двохсо́т (both parts decline): близько двохсо́т гри́вень.

✅ близько двохсо́т гри́вень

around two hundred hryvnias — genitive двохсо́т.

Key Takeaways

  • In any oblique context the numeral declines and the noun agrees in the same case — the 2/3/4 vs 5+ rule applies only in the nominative/inanimate-accusative.
  • оди́н declines like той (одного́, одному́, одни́м); два/дві, три, чоти́ри share двох/двом/двома́ (and чоти́ри has irregular instrumental чотирма́).
  • 5–20, 30 have parallel forms: п’яти́ ~ п’ятьо́х, instrumental п’ятьма́ ~ п’ятьома́.
  • со́рок, дев’яно́сто, сто have one oblique form each: сорока́, дев’яно́ста, ста.
  • The hundreds decline both parts (дві́сті → двохсо́т, п’ятсо́т → п’ятисо́т), and in compounds every word inflects (двадцяти́ п’яти́).

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Related Topics

  • Numeral–Noun Agreement (The Hard Part)B1The notorious three-way rule: after 1 (and …1) the noun is nominative SINGULAR, after 2/3/4 (and …2/3/4) nominative PLURAL with the dual-reflex end-stress (два столи́, дві сестри́), and after 5+ genitive PLURAL — chosen by the LAST digit, and applying only when the whole phrase is nominative or inanimate-accusative.
  • Cardinal Numbers 1–20A1The numbers нуль to два́дцять — with the gendered оди́н/одна́/одне́ and два/дві, the fused -на́дцять teens, and the apostrophe/soft-sign spelling traps (п’ять, шість, ві́сім, де́в’ять) that make Ukrainian numerals an orthography test from day one.
  • Tens, Hundreds, and Large NumbersA2The tens (два́дцять…дев’яно́сто), the hundreds (сто…дев’ятсо́т), and ти́сяча / мільйо́н / мілья́рд — featuring the three irregulars every learner must memorize (со́рок, дев’яно́сто, дві́сті), the -деся́т and -со́т compounding, and the crucial fact that ти́сяча and мільйо́н are NOUNS that govern the genitive plural.
  • Instrumental: FormsA2The instrumental (орудний) endings — feminine -ою/-ею (кни́гою, земле́ю), masculine and neuter -ом/-ем (столо́м, коне́м, ноже́м, ві́кном, мо́рем), and the dramatic Declension III feminine -ю with consonant DOUBLING (ні́ччю, сі́ллю, по́дорожжю) — plus the one labial exception, любо́в → любо́в’ю, that takes an apostrophe instead of a geminate.
  • Special Counted Forms (2/3/4 and Stress)B2After два/три/чотири a Ukrainian noun takes the NOMINATIVE PLURAL — not the Russian genitive singular — and crucially the stress often jumps to the ending and differs from the plain plural (два столи́, три си́ни, дві сестри́): a surviving reflex of the lost dual number, the most distinctively Ukrainian corner of the case system, with the adjective wavering between nominative plural and genitive plural (два нові́ / нови́х столи́).
  • Declining 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', and 'Five'B2Detailed oblique-case forms of the four most-used cardinals: два/дві → двох / двом / двома́; три → трьох / трьом / трьома́; чоти́ри → чотирьо́х / чотирьо́м / чотирма́ (irregular instrumental!); п’ять → п’яти́·п’ятьо́х, п’ятьма́·п’ятьома́. The big rule English speakers skip: outside the nominative/accusative BOTH the numeral and the noun decline together — з двома́ дру́зями, про трьох сесте́р, дав п’ятьо́м студе́нтам — so *з два брати́ is simply wrong.